Antimicrobial Resistance

Cover

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Community-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

S. aureus, MRSA and Community-Associated Infections: Background

Rapid Increase in CA-MRSA Incidence

Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations and Transmission

Differences between CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA

Molecular Epidemiology of CA-MRSA

Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette-Type Element

Pathogenesis of CA-MRSA Infecti

Virulence Factors

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

References

Infections with Organisms Producing Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase

Abstract

Introduction

Host Range and Prevalence of ESBLs

Risk Factors for Colonization and Infection with Hospital-Acquired ESBL Producers

Risk Factors for Colonization and Infection with Health Care-Associated ESBL Producers

Infection Control and ESBL-Producing Organisms

Laboratory Detection of ESBL Production by Gram-Negative Bacilli

Treatment of Infection with ESBL-Producing Organisms

Conclusions

References

Fluoroquinolone Resistance: Challenges for Disease Control

Abstract

Mechanisms of Resistance

Detection of Resistance in the Clinical Laboratory

Prevalence of Resistance in Selected Pathogens

Therapeutic and Public Health Implications of Resistance

Drivers of Resistance

Conclusion

References

Antibiotic Resistance and Community-Acquired Pneumonia during an Influenza Pandemic

Abstract

Epidemiology of Bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia During Inter-Pandemic Periods in the United States

Biological Mechanisms for Interactions Between Influenza and Bacterial CAP

Epidemiologic Evidence That Influenza Increases the Risk of Bacterial CAP

Relationship Between Past and Future Pandemics

Strategies for Reducing Secondary Pneumonia Caused by Resistant Bacteria during a Pandemic

Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Promoting Appropriate Antimicrobial Drug Use in the Outpatient Setting: What Works?

Abstract

Trends in Outpatient Antimicrobial Utilization

Interventions to Improve Outpatient Antimicrobial Use

Clinical Decision Support to Improve Antimicrobial Prescribing

Health Plan Performance Measures to Promote Improved Prescribing

AHRQ Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies for Antimicrobial Prescribing

Doctor-Patient Communication and Its Influence on Antimicrobial Prescribing

Future Directions

References

Reducing Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections in Health Care Settings: What Works?

Abstract

Overview

Antibiotic Control

Infection-Control Practices

Isolation Precautions

Prevention of Infection to Prevent Resistance

Future Approaches

References

Cost of Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings: A Critical Review

Abstract

Global Estimates of Cost

Perspective

Literature Review

Methodological Issues

Cost of Prevention

Future Directions

References

Mass Treatment of Parasitic Disease: Implications for the Development and Spread of Anthelmintic Resistance

Abstract

Mass Treatment of Parasitic Disease

Summary of Main Mechanisms of Action in Anthelmintics

Summary of Main Mechanisms of Resistance

Molecular and Parasitological Evidence Suggesting the Development of Resistance in Filarial Parasites

Factors Influencing the Spread of Anthelminthic Resistance

Use of Mathematical Models

Hookworm: Does Resistance Already Exist?

Conclusions

References

Antifungal Drug Resistance: Clinical Importance, in vitro Detection and Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment

Abstract

Invasive Fungal Infections

Antifungal Drugs in Clinical Use

Microbiological Resistance versus Clinical Resistance

Prevention of Invasive Fungal Infections

References

Preparing for HIV Drug Resistance in the Developing World

Abstract

HIV Drug Resistance and Antiretroviral Treatment Scale-Up in Resource-Limited Countries

HIV Drug Resistance Associated with Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission

Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance

Summary

References

Author Index

Subject Index