Data Communication Principles. For Fixed and Wireless Networks

Table of Contents

Preface

1. Computer Communications Networks - Introduction

1.1. Main Components

1.1.1. The Computer System

1.1.2. The Communications System

1.1.3. The Networking System

1.1.3.1. Communication Systems Versus Networking Systems

1.2. Network Development Example

1.2.1. Three Role Players

1.2.2. Network Design

1.2.2.1. User/IT Staff

1.2.2.2. Network Provider

1.2.2.3. Network Designer/Vendor

1.2.2.4. Relevance of the text to the above role players

1.3. Standardization

1.3.1. Example 1 - Communication of Voice

1.3.2. Example 2 - File Transfer

1.3.2.1. Circuit Switching

1.3.2.2. Packet Switching

1.4. Classification of Networks There are several ways of

1.4.1. Local Area Networks (LANs)

1.4.2. Wide Area Networks (WANs)

1.4.3. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

1.5. Network Protocol Architecture

1.5.1. Protocols

1.5.2. Standards

1.5.3. Protocol Architecture

1.5.3.1. A Protocol Layer

1.6. Example of a Protocol Architecture

1.6.1. Open System

1.7. Summary

1.8. Review Questions

2. Network Architectures - Examples

2.1. The OSI Reference Model (OSI-RM)

2.1.1. OSI-RM Characteristics and Terminology

2.1.2. Communications Model within an OSI Node

2.1.3. Communications Across the OSI Network

2.1.4. Inter-layer communication

2.1.4.1. The Role of the Lower Layers

2.1.5. OSI-RM Layer Definitions and Functions

2.1.5.1. The Physical Layer

2.1.5.2. The Data Link Control Layer (DLC)

2.1.5.3. The Network Layer (NET)

2.1.5.3.1. Datagram or Connectionless Switching

2.1.5.3.2. Virtual Circuit (VC) Switching

2.1.5.3.3. Circuit Switching (CS)

2.1.5.3.4. A Comparison of Switching Schemes

2.1.5.3.5. Quality of Service (QoS)

2.1.5.4. The Transport Layer (TL)

2.1.5.5. The Session Layer

2.1.5.6. The Presentation Layer

2.1.5.7. The Application Layer

2.2. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

2.2.1. The Internet Protocol (IP)

2.2.2. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

2.2.3. The Application Protocols for the Internet

2.2.4. Lower Layers of the Internet

2.3. The IEEE Wireless Local Area Network (IEEE WLAN)

2.3.1. Local Area Networks

2.3.2. Wireless Local Area Networks

2.3.3. The Physical Layer (PHY)

2.3.3.1. Spread Spectrum Communications

2.3.4. The Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer

2.3.4.1. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

2.4. Framework for Studying a Protocol

2.5. Standardization of Protocols

2.5.1. International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

2.5.2. The Internet Society

2.5.2.1. Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

2.5.2.2. Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)

2.5.2.3. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

2.5.3. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

2.5.4. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

2.5.5. American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

2.5.6. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

2.6. Summary

2.7. Review Questions

3. Network and User Data

3.1. The Network Data

3.2. The Physical Layer Data

3.2.1. Sequence of Events and Definitions

3.2.2. Modulation of data and signals

3.2.2.1. Baseband and Passband Modulations

3.2.3. Digital Encoding of Data

3.2.4. Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

3.2.5. Multilevel Encoding

3.2.5.1. Bipolar-AMI (Alternative Mark-Inversion) Coding

3.2.5.2. Multi-level 3 (MLT-3) Coding

3.2.6. Manchester Coding

3.2.7. General Characteristics of Bit Encoding

3.2.8. Zero-substitution and nB/NB Translation

3.3. Passband Modulation

3.3.1. The Carrier Signal

3.3.2. Analog Modulation

3.3.2.1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

3.3.2.2. Angle Modulation

3.4. Digital Modulation

3.4.1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

3.4.2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

3.4.3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

3.4.3.1. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

3.4.3.2. Signal Constellation

3.5. The User Data

3.5.1. Digital Transmission of Voice

3.5.2. The Sampling Theorem

3.5.3. Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)

3.5.4. Delta Modulation

3.6. Text and Numerical Data

3.6.1. ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange)

3.6.1.1. ASCII and Other Standard Organizations

3.6.2. ISO 8859-1 (ISO Latin -1)

3.6.3. UCS (Universal multiple-octet coded Character Set)

3.7. Summary

3.8. Review Questions

4. The Physical Layer

4.1. Channel Impairments

4.1.1. Signal Attenuation

4.1.1.1. Attenuation and Propagation Loss

4.1.2. Delay Distortion

4.1.3. Noise

4.1.3.1. Thermal Noise

4.1.3.2. Crosstalk

4.1.3.3. Impulse Noise

4.1.4. Multipath

4.2. Transmission Media

4.3. Cables in data communications

4.3.1. Twisted Pair Copper Cables

4.3.2. Co-axial Cable

4.3.3. Optical Fiber Cable (OFC)

4.4. The Wireless Media

4.4.1. Characteristics

4.4.2. Examples of Wireless Bands

4.5. Physical Layer Protocol Example: EIA-232-F

4.5.1. Mechanical Characteristics

4.5.2. Electrical Characteristics

4.5.3. Functional Characteristics

4.5.4. Procedural Characteristics

4.5.4.1. Call setup for full-duplex connection

4.5.4.2. Call setup for half-duplex connection

4.5.4.3. Loopback Testing

4.5.4.4. The NULL Modem

4.5.5. PHY for IEEE Wireless Local Area Network

4.5.6. WLAN Types

4.5.7. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH-SS) for 2.4 GHz Specification

4.5.7.1. PLCP for frequency hopping

4.5.7.2. The PMD for Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

4.5.8. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) for 2.4 GHz Specification

4.5.9. Infrared PHY for IEEE WLAN

4.6. The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) PHY

4.7. Review Questions

5. Data Link Control Layer Functions and Procedures

5.1. Data Link Layer Functions

5.1.1. Synchronization

5.1.2. Addressing Modes

5.1.3. Connection setup and termination

5.1.4. Error Control

5.1.5. Flow Control

5.1.6. Link Control and Testing

5.1.7. Multiplexing

5.2. Synchronization

5.2.1. Synchronous Transmission

5.2.1.1. Bit Stuffing

5.2.2. Asynchronous Transmission

5.3. Connection Setup and Termination

5.4. Addressing

5.5. Error Control

5.5.1. Parity bit

5.5.2. Block Error Check

5.5.3. The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

5.5.3.1. Parity block generation

5.5.3.2. Error Detection Procedure

5.5.3.3. Polynomial representation of binary numbers

5.5.3.4. Implementation of CRC

5.5.3.5. How to Decide C(X)

5.5.3.6. Error Detection Power of CRC

5.5.3.7. Error Recovery Mechanisms

5.6. Flow Control

5.6.1. Stop-and-Wait (SnW) Flow Control

5.6.2. The Sliding-windows (SW) Flow Control Mechanism

5.6.3. Link Utilization of Window Flow Control Mechanisms

5.6.4. Full-duplex Communications Using Window Flow Control

5.7. Flow Control Based Error Recovery Mechanisms

5.7.1. Stop-and-Wait ARQ

5.7.2. Go-Back-N ARQ

5.7.2.1. Full-duplex operation

5.7.2.2. Piggybacking

5.7.3. Selective Reject ARQ

5.7.4. Maximum Window Size

5.8. Link Control and Testing

5.9. Review Questions

6. Data Link Control Layer Protocol Examples

6.1. HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) Protocol

6.2. HDLC Frame Types

6.3. HDLC station types

6.3.1. Primary station

6.3.2. Secondary station

6.3.3. Combined stations

6.4. Operation modes

6.4.1. Normal Response Mode (NRM)

6.4.2. Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)

6.4.3. Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)

6.4.4. Extended Modes

6.5. The HDLC Frame

6.5.1. Flag

6.5.2. Address Field

6.5.2.1. Extended address format

6.5.3. Frame Check Sequence (FCS)

6.6. HDLC Protocol Operation

6.6.1. Selection of Timeout

6.6.2. Connection Setup and Termination

6.6.3. Data Exchange

6.6.3.1. Half-duplex Connection

6.6.3.2. Use of RR and RNR for Busy Condition Notice and Recovery

6.6.3.3. Use of REJ and SREJ

6.7. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Protocol

6.7.1. The ATM Cell

6.7.1.1. Generic Flow Control (GFC)

6.7.1.2. Virtual Path/Channel Identifiers (VPI/VCI)

6.7.1.3. Control Bits

6.7.1.4. Header Error Control (HEC)

6.8. ATM Protocol Procedures

6.8.1. Virtual circuit and the frame relay protocol

6.8.2. Error Control

6.9. Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer for IEEE Wireless LANs

6.9.1. Random Access in LANs

6.9.2. Collision Avoidance

6.9.3. The Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

6.9.3.1. Interframe Spacing (IFS)

6.9.4. MAC Frame Structure

6.9.5. MAC Frame Types

6.10. Review Questions

7. Multiplexing and Carrier Systems

7.1. Analog and Digital Transmissions

7.1.1. Analog and Digital Multiplexing

7.1.2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

7.1.3. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

7.1.4. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

7.1.5. Synchronous TDM

7.1.6. Statistical TDM

7.1.7. Statistical Versus Synchronous TDM

7.1.8. The TDM Switch

7.1.8.1. Framing

7.1.8.2. Pulse stuffing

7.2. Digital Carrier Systems

7.3. The DS-1 Carrier System

7.3.1. Total Bit Rate

7.3.2. Signaling Information

7.3.3. Problems with T-1/E-1 Systems

7.4. Synchronous Optical Network/ Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

7.5. Digital Subscriber’s Line (DSL)

7.5.1.8.1. Integration With Telephone

7.6. Multiplexing at higher layers

7.6.1. Multiple Protocols Per Layer With Connection-oriented Mode

7.6.2. Multiple Connections Per Protocol

7.7. Review Questions

8. The Network and Higher Layer Functions

8.1. The Network Layer

8.2. Typical Functions of Network layer

8.2.1. Connectionless Network Layers

8.2.2. Connection-oriented Mode

8.3. The End-to-end Layers

8.4. X.25 Packet Layer Protocol

8.4.1. X.25 Packet Types

8.5. Review Questions

9. Performance Models for Data Networks

9.1. The Network Performance

9.2. Performance of the Physical Layer Protocols

9.2.1. Performance Improvement at PHY

9.2.1.1. Channel Errors

9.2.1.2. Receiver Accuracy

9.3. Data Link Layer Performance

9.3.1. Flow Control Procedures

9.3.2. Error Control Procedures

9.3.2.1. Performance Models for FEC and BEC

9.4. Performance of the MAC Sublayer

9.5. Performance of the network and higher layers

9.5.1. Connectionless and Connection-oriented Protocols

9.5.2. QoS Differentiation in Connectionless Protocols

9.5.2.1. Priority Queueing

9.5.2.2. Fair Queueing

9.5.2.3. Custom Queueing

9.5.3. Performance of End-to-end Protocols

9.6. System Simulation for Performance Prediction

9.6.1. What is Simulation?

9.6.1.1. What is a Random Number?

9.6.1.2. The Uniform Random Variable

9.6.1.3. What is a Pseudorandom Number?

9.6.2. Designing a Simulation Program Versus Using a Package

9.7. Performance of Wireless and Mobile Networks

9.7.1. The Wireless Network Channel

9.7.1.1. Propagation Loss

9.7.1.2. Interference

9.7.1.3. Frequency Selectiveness

9.7.1.4. Time Selectiveness

9.7.1.5. Multipath

9.7.1.6. Diversity

9.7.2. Resource Management in Wireless Networks

9.7.3. Mobility Management in Mobile Networks

9.7.3.1. Handoff

9.7.3.2. Registration

9.8. Review Questions

References

Index

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