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Importance of Growth for Health and Development
von: A. Lucas, M. Makrides, E.E. Ziegler
Karger, 2010
ISBN: 9783805593052 , 265 Seiten
Format: PDF, ePUB, OL
Kopierschutz: DRM
Preis: 304,64 EUR
Cover
1
Contents
5
Preface
7
Foreword
9
Contributors
11
Introduction
15
Growth and Later Health: A General Perspective
15
Abstract
15
Programming
16
Programming of Obesity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
16
Early Growth and the Brain
18
Windows for Programming by Early Growth
21
Mechanisms for Programming Effects
22
Future Perspectives
22
References
22
Discussion
23
13Growth, Obesity and CV Outcomes
27
Early Infancy as a Critical Period for Development of Obesity and Related Conditions
27
Abstract
27
Acknowledgements
33
References
33
Discussion
34
References
37
Leptin, Nutrition, and the Programming of Hypothalamic Feeding Circuits
39
Abstract
39
Introduction
39
Importance of the Hypothalamus in Regulating Feeding and Energy Balance
40
Development of Hypothalamic Feeding Circuits
41
Factors Influencing Hypothalamic Development
42
Conclusions
47
Acknowledgments
47
References
48
Discussion
49
References
52
Early Growth and Ageing
55
Abstract
55
Introduction
55
Epidemiological Data
56
Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis
56
Accelerated Early Postnatal Growth
56
Animal Models
57
Global Caloric Restriction
57
Intrauterine Artery Ligation
58
Hypoxic Model
58
Maternal Iron Restriction
58
Glucocorticoid Overexposure
58
Maternal Protein Restriction
59
Mechanisms Linking Early Growth and Ageing
60
Conclusion
62
References
63
Discussion
64
References
67
Does Early Growth Affect Long-Term Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease?
69
Abstract
69
Introduction
69
Evidence from Animal Models
70
Evidence from Humans
70
Mechanisms
75
Public Health Implications
76
Conclusions
76
References
77
Discussion
78
References
83
Developing World Perspective:The Importance of Growth for Short-Term Health
85
Abstract
85
Introduction
85
Why Is Poor Child Growth Related to Increased Morbidity and Mortality?
87
Extent of Malnutrition, Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries
88
Epidemiologic Evidence Relating Stunting and Wasting to Subsequent Morbidity and Mortality
88
Benefits of Catch-Up Growth
90
Conclusion: Future Research Needs for Evaluating the Tradeoffs
91
References
91
Discussion
93
References
97
Growth and Neurological Development
99
Postnatal Growth and Development in the Preterm and Small for Gestational Age Infant
99
Abstract
99
References
108
Discussion
110
References
112
Interrelationship between Growth and Development in Low and Middle Income Countries
113
Abstract
113
Introduction
113
Methods
114
LBW and Development
115
Postnatal Growth and Development
118
Control for Confounding in Studies of Growth and Development
126
Relative Importance of Prenatal vs. Postnatal Growth for Child Development Outcomes
127
Appropriate Analytic Approaches to Assess the Relative Importance of Growth across Periods
128
Review of Studies That Used Appropriate Methods for Assessingthe Relative Importance of Prenatal vs. Postnatal Growth onChild Development
128
Possible Mechanisms Liking Growth Retardation and Poor Development
129
Conclusions
130
References
130
Discussion
132
References
134
Role of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Neurodevelopmentand Growth
137
Abstract
137
Type of LCPUFA Supplementation
138
When to Supplement with LCPUFA
142
Dose of LCPUFA
143
How Does DHA Work and Does This Relate to DHA Dose?
144
References
145
Discussion
147
References
150
Growth and Development of the Brainand Impact on Cognitive Outcomes
151
Abstract
151
Brain Development and Growth Visualized by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
152
Microstructural Brain Development by DTI
155
Developing WM Connectivity
156
Imaging and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
158
References
161
Discussion
163
Reference
165
Benefits and Harms of IronSupplementation in Iron-Deficientand Iron-Sufficient Children
167
Abstract
167
Introduction
167
Anemia
168
Brain Development
169
Growth
170
Infections
171
Interactions with Other Minerals
172
Mode of Administration
174
Conclusions
174
References
175
Discussion
176
References
179
Physical Growth and Body Composition
181
Effects of Selective Dropout on Infant Growth Standards
181
Abstract
181
Introduction
181
Data
183
Statistical Methods
183
Results
184
Discussion
185
Acknowledgements
188
References
188
Discussion
189
References
193
The 2000 Centers for Disease Controland Prevention Growth Charts: Several Insights after 8 Years
195
Abstract
195
Development of the 2000 CDC Growth Charts
196
Infant Charts and Data between Birth and 3 Months
198
BMI and Extreme Percentiles
204
Conclusion
205
References
206
Discussion
207
References
209
Growth Charts Compared
211
Abstract
211
Methods
212
Results
213
Discussion
220
References
223
Discussion
224
References
226
Body Composition in Infancy: Impacton Health Later in Life
227
Abstract
227
Introduction
227
Body Composition Methods and Models
228
Body Composition during Early Infancy
231
References
234
Discussion
235
References
238
Endocrinology of Growth
239
Abstract
239
Why Do Animals Grow?
239
What Causes Animals to Grow?
241
IGF Structure
241
Targeted Disruption of the IGF Genes
242
GH Receptor
244
IGF Deficiency
245
Therapeutic Implications
246
References
247
Discussion
248
Concluding Remarks
253
Subject Index
261
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