Supportive Cancer Care with Chinese Medicine

Preface

Contents

Contributors

1 Supportive Cancer Care Using Chinese Medicine

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Cancer: Traditional Chinese Medicine and Conventional Perspective

1.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine and Surgery

1.3.1 Herbal

1.3.1.1 Preoperative Nutritional and General Status Improvement

1.3.2 Acupuncture and Other Approaches

1.3.2.1 Reduction of Acute Postoperative Nausea and Pain

1.3.2.2 Reduction of Analgesia Requirement

1.3.2.3 Acute Postoperative Pain Control

1.3.2.4 Improvement of Postoperative Urinary Dysfunction

1.4 Traditional Chinese Medicine and Radiotherapy

1.4.1 Herbal

1.4.1.1 Enhancement of Radiotherapy Response

1.4.1.2 Improvement of Symptoms in Radiation Enteritis

1.4.1.3 Prevention and Treatment of Radiation Pneumonitis

1.4.1.4 Other Symptoms

1.4.2 Acupuncture and Other Related Techniques

1.4.2.1 Reduction of Symptoms in Radiation-induced Xerostomia

1.4.2.2 Reduction of Radiation Proctitis Symptoms

1.5 Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chemotherapy and/or Biological Modifiers

1.5.1 Herbal

1.5.1.1 Synergistic Actions Against Cancer Cells

1.5.1.2 Reduction of Chemotherapy Side Effects

1.5.1.3 Prevention and Reduction of Myelosuppression

1.5.1.4 Nausea and Vomiting Control and Better Quality of Life

1.5.1.5 Vasomotor Symptoms Reduction

1.5.1.6 Potential for Chemotherapy Cognitive Dysfunction

1.5.2 Acupuncture and Related Techniques

1.5.2.1 Reduction of Vasomotor Symptoms

1.5.2.2 Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy

1.5.2.3 Reduction of Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting

1.5.2.4 Chemotherapy-induced Cognitive Dysfunction

1.6 Miscellaneous Symptoms

1.6.1 Pain

1.6.2 Anxiety, Depression, Cognitive Impairment

1.6.3 Fatigue

1.6.4 Hiccups and Yawning

1.7 Qigong Exercise

1.8 Nutritional Therapy

1.9 Chinese Massage Therapy, Tuina

1.10 Conclusion

References

2 Supportive Cancer Care with Acupuncture

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Mechanism of Acupuncture

2.3 Evaluation of Acupunctures Curative Effect in the Treatment of Cancer Patients and the Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy

2.3.1 Cancer Pain

2.3.2 Nausea and Vomiting

2.3.3 Xerostomia

2.3.4 Nervousness and Insomnia

2.3.5 Others

2.4 Clinical Practice

2.4.1 Pain

2.4.2 Vomiting, Nausea

2.4.3 Xerostomia

2.4.4 Nervousness and Insomnia

2.4.5 Others

2.4.5.1 Side Effects of Acupuncture

2.4.5.2 Precautions When Conducting Acupuncture

References

3 Chinese Medicinal Herbs Use in Managing Cancer

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Principles of Herbal Treatments

3.3 Individual Herbs Commonly Used to Treat Cancer

3.4 Individual Herbs

3.5 Issues with Cancer Research Using Chinese Herbal Medicine

3.5.1 Purity

3.5.2 Herb-Drug Interactions

3.5.3 Herb Toxicity

3.5.4 Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews

3.6 Summary

References

4 Supportive Cancer Care with Qigong

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Methods

4.2.1 Data Sources

4.2.2 Study Selection

4.2.3 Data Extraction

4.2.4 Assessment of Risk of Bias

4.3 Results

4.3.1 Study Description

4.3.2 Risk of Bias

4.3.3 Detailed of Included Studies

4.3.3.1 Randomized Clinical Trials

4.3.3.2 Non-randomized Controlled Trial

4.3.4 Safety

4.4 Discussion

4.4.1 Limitation of This Review

4.4.2 Recommendations for Future Research

4.4.3 Perspectives

References

5 Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Reduction of Discomfort and Side-Effects of Surgery

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Pathogenesis of Cancer According to Traditional Chinese Medicine

5.3 Rationale of Using Herbal Therapy in Cancer Surgery Treatment

5.4 Role of Herbal Therapy At the Preoperative Phase of Treatment

5.4.1 Treatment of Complications Arising from the Primary Pathology

5.4.2 Improving the Overall Condition to Facilitate Surgery

5.4.3 Improving the Overall Mental State Prior to Surgery

5.5 Role of Herbal Therapy in the Postoperative Phase of Treatment

5.5.1 Reducing Postoperative Intestinal Ileus

5.5.2 Reducing Postoperative Adhesion Formation

5.5.3 Inflammatory Response and Immunity Associated with Surgery

5.5.4 Reducing Urinary Dysfunction

5.5.5 Reducing Chronic Pain After Surgery

5.6 Potential Toxicities

5.7 Discussion on Current Evidence of Traditional Chinese Medicine

5.8 Future Directions

References

6 Increasing Therapeutic Gain and Controlling Radiation-Induced Injuries with Asian Botanicals and Acupuncture

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Botanical Radiosensitizers and Radioprotectors that Modulate Reactive Oxygen Intermediates (ROIs) and Associated Genes

6.3 Antiangiogenic Botanicals

6.4 Immunogenic Botanicals

6.5 Future Clinical Research

6.6 Acupuncture as a Biological Response Modifier of Cell Proliferation

6.7 Conclusion

References

7 Controlling Chemotherapy-Related Side Effects withChinese Medicine

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Cancer

7.2 Cancer Chemotherapy

7.3 Side Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy

7.3.1 Types of Side Effects

7.3.1.1 Gastrointestinal Side Effects

7.3.1.2 Myelosuppression

7.3.1.3 Alopecia

7.3.1.4 Sexual Side Effects

7.3.1.5 Constitutional Side Effects

7.3.1.6 Delayed Organ Toxicities

7.3.2 Drug-Specific Side Effects

7.3.3 Current Approaches to the Management of the Side Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy

7.3.3.1 Gastrointestinal Side Effects

7.3.3.2 Myelosuppression

7.4 Historical Use of Chinese Medicine for Cancer Treatment

7.4.1 Chinese Angelica Root

7.4.2 Astragalus Root

7.4.3 Ginseng

7.4.4 Ganoderma

7.5 Recent Developments in the Clinical Use of Chinese Medicines for Cancer Treatment in the United States

7.5.1 PC-SPES

7.5.2 Selected Vegetables and Herb Mix

7.5.3 PHY906

7.5.4 Clinical Studies in the United States with Other Botanical Preparations

7.6 Procedures and Challenges for the Development and Acceptance of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Non-Asian Countries: Development of PHY906 in the United States as an Example

7.6.1 Procedures for Traditional Chinese Medicine Development

7.6.1.1 Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Developing Botanical Drugs

7.6.1.2 Historical Usage and Preclinical Information

7.6.1.3 Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control

7.6.1.4 Clinical Studies

7.6.2 Challenges to Traditional Chinese Medicine Development

7.6.2.1 Quality Control

7.6.2.2 Combination Drug Regulations

References

8 Cancer Pain Control with Traditional Chinese Medicine

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine

8.2.1 Acupuncture

8.2.1.1 Overview

8.2.1.2 Scientific Basis for Analgesic Effect

8.2.1.3 Review of Clinical Studies

8.2.1.4 Adverse Effects

8.2.1.5 Conclusion

8.2.2 Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cancer Pain Control

8.2.2.1 Introduction

8.2.2.2 Scientific Mechanism for Pain Relief

8.2.2.3 Review of Clinical Studies

8.2.2.4 Adverse Effects

8.2.2.5 Conclusion

8.2.3 Qigong

8.2.3.1 Overview

8.2.3.2 Scientific Basis for Analgesic Effect

8.2.3.3 Review of Clinical Studies

8.2.3.4 Adverse Effects

8.2.3.5 Conclusion

8.2.4 Dietary Intervention

8.2.5 Massage

8.2.5.1 Overview

8.2.5.2 Scientific Basis for Analgesic Effect

8.2.5.3 Review of Clinical Studies

8.2.5.4 Adverse Effects

8.2.5.5 Conclusion

8.3 Summary

References

9 Novel Developments on Artemisinin and Its Derivatives for Cancer Therapy

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine

9.1.2 Botany of Sweet Wormwood Herb

9.1.3 History of Artemisinin

9.1.4 Chemical Structure of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives

9.2 Molecular Mode of Action in Cancer Cells

9.2.1 Chemical Structure of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives

9.2.2 Angiogenesis Inhibition

9.2.3 Metastasis

9.2.4 Transferrin Receptor

9.2.5 Estrogen Receptor

9.2.6 Signal Transduction

9.2.7 Cell Cycle Effects

9.2.8 Apoptosis

9.3 Hepatic Metabolism of Artemisinin

9.4 Effects of Artemisinin and Artesunate In Vivo

9.5 Toxicity

9.6 Clinical Oncology Cases

9.7 Biotechnological Production

References

10 Modern Cancer Research on Chinese Medicine: Acupuncture

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Acupuncture Inhibition of Emesis

10.3 Acupuncture Alleviation of Cancer Pain

10.4 Acupuncture Amelioration of Xerostomia

10.5 Effects of Acupuncture on Fatigue and Hot Flashes

10.6 Effects of Acupuncture on Depression, Insomnia and Anxiety

10.7 Effects of Acupuncture on Other Cancer-Caused Symptoms

References

11 Clinical Trials of Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Cancer

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Adjuvant Treatment with Chinese Medicine for Cancers

11.2.1 Lung Cancer

11.2.2 Colorectal and Gastric Cancers

11.2.3 Liver cancer

11.2.4 Breast Cancer

11.2.5 Other Cancers

11.3 Chinese Medicine for Controlling Adverse Effects of Cancer Therapies

11.4 Chinese Medicine for Improving QoL of Cancer Patients

11.5 Chinese Medicine for Enhancing Immune Function of Cancer Patients

11.6 Chinese Medicine for Relieving Cancer-Related Symptoms

11.7 Palliative Care for Patients with Advanced Cancers

11.8 Conclusions

References

12 Toxicology, Safety and Herbdrug Interactions in Cancer Therapy

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Reported Clinical HerbAnticancer Drug Interactions

12.2.1 Irinotecan + Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort)

12.2.2 Irinotecan + Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)

12.2.3 Imatinib + St John's Wort

12.2.4 Erlotinib + Dietary/Herbal Supplements

12.2.5 Gefitinib + Dietary/Herbal Supplements

12.2.6 Docetaxel + Allium sativum (Garlic)

12.2.7 Etoposide + Grapefruit Juice

12.3 Do Chinese Herbal Medicines Reduce Chemotherapy-Induced Organ Toxicities?

12.3.1 TJ-14

12.3.2 Chinese Herbal Medicines

12.4 Mechanistic Considerations

12.4.1 Modulation of Phase I and II Enzyme Expression and Activity

12.4.2 Modulation of Drug Transporter Expression and Activity

12.4.3 Role of Pregnane X receptor in Herb--Anticancer Drug Interactions

12.5 Clinical Considerations

12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

13 Integrating Chinese and Western Medicine in Cancer Treatment

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Western Cancer Fighting Modalities

13.2.1 Surgery

13.2.2 Chemotherapy

13.2.3 Radiotherapy

13.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine Cancer Fighting Modalities

13.3.1 Acupuncture

13.3.2 Herbal Therapy

13.3.3 Qigong

13.4 Using Traditional Chinese Medicine to Treat Side Effects of Western Treatments

13.4.1 Surgery

13.4.2 Chemotherapy

13.4.3 Radiation

13.5 Improving Prognosis

13.5.1 Increase Potency of Chemotherapy

13.5.2 Enhance Immune Function

13.5.3 Attack Cancer Directly

13.6 Improve Quality of Life

13.7 Cancer Prevention

13.8 Risks of Integrating Chinese and Western Medicine

13.9 Integration Is the Way of the Future

References

14 Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer Disease: A Review of the Evidence

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Chinese Medicine Used for Prevention of Cancer

14.3 Information Resources of the Evidence Summary

14.4 Selection Criteria

14.5 Summary of Evidence

14.5.1 Primary Prophylaxis

14.5.2 Secondary Prophylaxis

14.5.3 Tertiary Prophylaxis

14.6 Conclusion

References

Index