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Sustainable Forest Management in a Changing World: a European Perspective
von: Peter Spathelf
Springer-Verlag, 2009
ISBN: 9789048133017 , 260 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 149,79 EUR
Contents
9
Introduction: Some Basic Remarks on Sustainable Forest Management, Environment and Global Ethics
11
Sustaining the World’s Forests: Managing Competing Demands for a Vital Resource – The Role of the World Bank1
18
Box 1 Why forests matter to Africa
19
The Forces and Dynamics Affecting the World’s Forests
20
Forest Law Enforcement and Governance
20
Forests in Poverty-Reduction Strategies
21
Global Values from Forests
22
Demand
23
Some Controversies Surrounding Forests
23
Forests and Poverty Reduction
23
Governance Issues
24
Protecting Global Environmental Services
24
Actions of the International Community Toward Sustainable Forest Management
25
The Rio Earth Summit
25
The Kyoto Protocol
26
The United Nations Forum on Forests
26
Independent Forest Certification
27
Designation of Protected Areas
27
Consequences of the Failure to Manage Forests Sustainably
28
The World Bank’s Engagement in Sustainable Forest Management
28
The World Bank’s Forests Strategy
29
Box 2 Mexico: Second Community Forestry Project
31
Box 3 Forest Law Enforcement and Governance
32
The World Bank Group’s Forest Lending Portfolio
33
Recent Developments with Potential Impact on Forests
34
The World Bank’s New Initiatives: Response to Climate Change and the Role of Forests
35
The World Bank Strategic Framework on Climate Change
36
Financing Forests and Climate Change
36
Carbon Credits and Payments
36
Sources for Technical Assistance
37
Source of Concessional Financing
38
Growing Forests Partnership
38
Coherence or Confusion
39
Are International Interventions Relevant?
39
Conclusion
40
Useful Web Links on Forestry Conservation and Management
40
Conservation of Tropical Forests and Climate Change Mitigation
42
Introduction
42
Loss of Tropical Forests: A Complex Phenomenon with a Simple Root Cause
43
Box 1 Case Study Bolivia: From Old to New Deforestation (from a Model of Conservation to Uncertainty)
47
Avoidance of Deforestation Has Become REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countri
52
Different Expectations and Perspectives on REDD
52
Market-Linked Approaches Rather Than Market-based Approaches
54
How to Turn REDD-Transfers into Avoided Deforestation – Opportunity Costs and Governance Issues
54
The Role of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
55
The Political Dimension of REDD
56
Will Conservation Gain from REDD?
57
The State of Europe’s Forests: 2007 – Report of the Fifth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe for Su
61
History
61
Box 1 The MCPFE Definition of “Sustainable Forest Management”
62
The State and Development of Europe’s Forests
62
Forest Resources and Their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles
64
Health and Vitality of Forest Ecosystems
64
Productive Function of Forests
65
Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems
65
Protective Functions
66
Socio-economic Functions and Conditions
66
Forest Policy and Institutional Scope
67
Sustainable Forest Management in the Tropics – Still a Long Way to Go?
69
Deforestation
69
The Principles of Sustainable Forest Management
72
Terms Commonly Used in Tropical Forest Management
72
Land Tenure and Utilization of Tropical and Subtropical Forests
74
Degraded and Secondary Forests
75
Management Systems for Tropical and Subtropical Forests
76
SFM in the Brazilian Amazon
77
Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) in the Brazilian Amazon – a Comparative Case Study
81
SFM – Still a Long Way to Go? A Synthesis
88
Non–wood Forest Products for Livelihoods and Sustainable Development
91
Concept, Definitions, and Scope
91
Typology of Non-wood Forest Products
92
Foods
92
Medicinal Plants
93
Fibres
94
Chemicals
94
Ornamentals
94
Socio-economic Importance of NWFP
94
Trade in Non-wood Forest Products
95
Trends in Production and Trade
96
Rattan
97
Bamboo
97
Challenges and Opportunities
98
Challenges
98
Key Areas of Future Work
98
Resource development
98
Product and marketing improvement
99
Policy and institutional support
99
Opportunities
99
Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources: The Basis for Adaptability in Managed Forests
100
Introduction
100
Conservation of Genetic Sustainability
100
How to Foster Genetic Diversity?
102
What Are Forest Genetic Resources?
103
Priorities of Forest Genetic Conservation
104
Evaluation of Genetic Conservation Units
105
Conservation Value (Qualitative Aspect)
106
Conservation Urgency (Endangerment Aspect)
106
Characterising Genetic Structures
108
Genetic Monitoring
108
Measures for the Conservation of Genetic Resources
109
Conservation of Genetic Resources as Part of Forest Management
111
Conservation of Genetic Resources in Protected Areas
112
Conserving Genetic Resources from Adapted Provenances of Tree and Shrub Species
113
Genetic Adaptability and Climate Change
114
Future Role of Forest Genetics in the Conservation of Adaptability
117
Tasks of Part A
117
Tasks of part B
119
Adaptive Forest Management: A Prerequisite for Sustainable Forestry in the Face of Climate Change
122
Introduction
122
Climate-Change Pressures in Europe
124
Impacts on Central European Forests
125
Strategies of Adaptive Forest Management
128
Implementation of Adaptive Forest Management Using Silvicultural Operations
131
Strategic Considerations
131
Silvicultural Options
132
Tree-Species Selection
132
Regeneration and Felling Options
133
Site Preparation and Stand Establishment
135
Thinning
135
‘New’ Species and Provenances
136
Conclusions and Outlook
139
A Scientific Perspective for Silviculture
147
Introduction
147
The scientific Object of Silviculture
148
The Role of Theory in Silviculture
151
Examples of the Formation of New Silvicultural Hypotheses
151
Testing Existing Silvicultural Recommendations
151
Applying Consolidated Theory from Disciplines Outside Forest Science to Solve Silvicultural Problems
154
Considering Uncertainty to Implement Sustainable Management
154
Making the Consequences of Management Constraints Transparent
156
Concluding Statement
156
Forest-Related Climate Mitigation Options: Dialogues for Exploring Opportunities and Threats
161
The Role of Forests in Stabilising the Climate System
161
Why Has Halting Deforestation Not Succeeded So Far?
163
What Is the Relevance of Forest-Related Low-Cost Backstop Options?
165
Five Types of Dialogues
167
Discussion
170
Key Challenges in Forest Protected Area Management
174
Introduction
174
Changing Conservation Paradigms
176
Box 1 Community conserved areas and forest conservation
181
Challenging Conservation Targets
181
Box 2 Fire frequency and management effectiveness
183
Global Change and Climate Change
184
Box 3 Forest protected areas and mining, oil, and gas
185
Protected areas and armed conflict
186
Conclusions
187
Forest Organisations in Change: Examples from the Tropics and Subtropics
195
Objectives and Conceptual Framework
195
Historical Overview and Genesis of the Organisation System
196
Traditional Forest Use
197
Colonial Forest Use and Administration
198
Decolonisation: Forests for National Growth
198
Internationalisation of Forest Organisations
199
Polarisation
199
Globalisation
199
Lessons Learnt from the Historical Review
200
Current Forest Organisations in the Tropics
201
Introduction
201
Forest Organisations on State Land
201
State Forest Administration
201
State Forest Enterprises
202
Forest Concessions
203
Taungya
204
Joint Forest Management
204
Forest Organisations on Community Land
206
Community Forestry
207
Forest User Groups
208
Forest Organisations on Private Land
209
The Farm-Household System
209
Private Forest-Farmers Associations
211
Medium and Large-Scale Private Forest Enterprises
212
Outgrower Schemes
213
Private Service Enterprises
213
Synthesis of the Case-Study Results
214
Outlook and Conclusions
215
Forestry or “The Art of Flying Blind”. Sustainability in an Era of Global Change
220
Introduction
220
The Concept of Sustainability and the Compensation of Uncertainty and Contingency
222
Future Orientations in Contemporary Forestry
224
The Shaping Force of Future Concepts
224
Current Orientation in German Forestry vis-à-vis the Future
227
Sustainability and the Anticipation of Future – Uncertainty as a Decision-Making Problem
230
Sustainability as a Moral Claim – the Future as a Problem of Normative Uncertainty
231
Sustainability as Strategic Planning – the Future as a Problem of Cognitive Uncertainty
232
The Art of Flying Blind – Adaptive Management as a Means to Sustainability
233
Sustainable Forest Management as a Model for Sustainable Development: Conclusions Toward a Concrete Vision
239
More Responsibility for the Conservation of the Forests Worldwide
240
Environmentally Sound Management of Forests and No Timber Use from Exploitation and Disputable Sources
241
Promotion of Close-to-Nature Forestry and Adaptive Management
241
Communication of Forest Use as a Model for Sustainable Use
241
Index
243
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