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Environmental and Agricultural Modelling: - Integrated Approaches for Policy Impact Assessment
von: Floor M. Brouwer, Martin van Ittersum
Springer-Verlag, 2010
ISBN: 9789048136193 , 322 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 149,79 EUR
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Environmental and Agricultural Modelling: - Integrated Approaches for Policy Impact Assessment
Preface
5
Contributors
8
Acronyms and Abbreviations
20
Chapter 1 Introduction
24
Context of Integrated Assessment: Policy and Research
24
Model Components and Database
26
Software Architecture and Ontologies
27
Key Objectives and Organisation of the Book
28
References
30
Chapter 2 Assessment of Multifunctionality and Jointness of Production
32
Introduction
32
Joint Supply, Theoretical Framework
34
Towards Indicators of Multifunctionality
36
Step 1: Identification of Jointness
38
Jointness at the Farm Gate
38
Jointness at the Regional Level
40
Step 2: Qualitative Assessment of Jointness
41
Step 3: Quantitative Assessment of Jointness
42
Testing Against Data in Europe
45
Identification of Jointness
45
Jointness at the Farm Gate
45
Jointness at the Farm Gate in a Region
48
Qualitative Assessment of Jointness
51
Quantitative Assessment of Jointness
53
Conclusions
54
References
55
Chapter 3 The Institutional Dimension in Policy Assessment
57
Introduction
57
Overview of Approaches for Policy Assessment
59
The Concept of Institutional Analysis for Ex-ante Policy Assessment
61
Institutions for Sustainability
61
Institutional Compatibility
62
The Procedure for Institutional Compatibility Assessment (PICA)
64
Focussing PICA Step One: Deriving Policy Types
65
Institutional Compatibility of the EU Nitrate Directive
70
PICA Step One: Classification of the Policy Option
71
PICA Step Two: Crucial Institutional Aspects Related to the Policy Option
71
PICA Step Three: Linking Crucial Institutional Aspects to Institutional Indicators
72
PICA Step Four: Aggregating Information on Crucial Institutional Aspects of the Policy Option
74
Functions of PICA Within SEAMLESS-IF
76
References
77
Chapter 4 A Component-Based Framework for Simulating Agricultural Production and Externalities
81
Introduction
81
APES: The Agricultural Production and Externalities Simulator
84
Component Based Structure
85
Model Components
86
Agro-management Components
87
AgroManagement: Rule Based Modelling of Technical Management
87
Production Enterprise Components
89
AbioticDamage: Damage on Plants by Abiotic Factors
89
AgroChemicals: Pesticide Fate
89
Crop: Crop Development and Growth
90
CropML: Crop Development and Growth
91
Diseases: Air-Borne Plant Diseases
92
Grasses: Grassland Growth and Quality
93
FieldManager: Spatial Information for Multiple Plant Species
94
LightInterception: Light Interception and Competition by Canopies
94
MassBalance: A Library of Mass Balance Tests
95
RootDistribution: Roots Growth and Distribution
95
Tree: Woody Plant Growth and Quality
95
WaterUptake: Plant Water Uptake
96
Soil Components
96
SoilCarbonNitrogen: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
96
SoilErosion: Water Runoff and Soil Erosion by Water
97
SoilNitrogen: Soil Nitrogen Dynamics
98
SoilTemperature: Simulation of Temperature in the Soil Profile
98
SoilReader: Accessing Soil Data at Initialization
99
SoilWater: Soil Water and Hydrologic Characteristics Dynamics
99
SoilWater 2: Soil Water and Hydrologic Characteristics Dynamics
100
Weather Data Components
101
WeatherReader: Accessing Weather Data and Estimating Missing Values
101
The Intended Use of APES
101
Inputs
102
Parameters
103
Software Architecture
104
Component Design
105
Ontology
106
Model Granularity in Components
107
Test of Pre- and Post-conditions
109
Exception Handling
109
Tracing
110
Unit Tests
110
Model and Software Design and User Documentation
110
Component Public Interface
111
Technology Used
111
Model Component Diagram
111
The MODCOM Engine
112
Data Exchange Between Components
113
The APES Stand-Alone Application
113
The AgroManagement Configuration Generator
114
The Model Parameter Editor
115
The Graphic Data Display Component
115
The Simulation Output Evaluator
116
The CLIMA Weather Generator
117
The Model Component Explorer
118
APES Tools for Integration in Broader Modelling Systems
118
The Parameter Estimator
118
The Sensitivity Analysis Component
119
Remarks on APES Integration in Larger Systems
119
Concluding Remarks
120
Web Resources
121
References
121
Chapter 5 A Generic Farming System Simulator
127
Introduction
127
Farm Typology
128
Aim of the Farm Typology
128
Representation of the Farm Type: Average Versus Typical Farm
129
FSSIM-MP: Mathematical Programming Model
131
Aim of FSSIM-MP
131
FSSIM-MP Overview
132
Modelling of Policy Instruments in FSSIM-MP
134
Exogenous Assumptions for a Baseline Scenario
136
FSSIM-MP Structure: Modular Setup
136
FSSIM-AM: Agricultural Management
137
Aim of FSSIM-AM
137
Deriving and Quantifying Current Activities
139
Detailed Survey
139
Simple Survey
139
Data Storage and Checking
140
Generating Alternative Activities
140
Purpose
140
Production Enterprise Generator
140
Production Technique Generator
141
Technical Coefficient Generator
141
The Technical Implementation Through an Integrated Modelling Framework (SeamFrame)
142
FSSIM Application: Detailed and Simple Applications
143
Detailed Application of FSSIM
144
Simple or Summarized Application of FSSIM
146
Conclusions
148
References
149
Chapter 6 Visualising Changes in Agricultural Landscapes
151
Introduction
151
Software Methodology and Design
155
Existing Software Tools
156
Data Needs
156
Digital Terrain Elevation Data (Raster)
157
Land Cover Classification Data (Raster or Vector)
157
Geotypical Textures Library (Raster)
157
Orthophoto (Raster)
157
Vegetation Model Library
158
Data Handling and Processing
159
Data Rendering
162
Example of Application
163
The Situation
163
The Scenarios
164
Scenario 1: Biodiversity by Agriculture
165
Scenario 2: A Green City in a Mediterranean Forest
165
Scenario 3: Urban Pressure
167
Scenario 4: The Garrigue After the Energy Crisis
168
Discussion
170
References
172
Chapter 7 A Biophysical Typology in Agri-environmental Modelling
176
Introduction
176
Objective of SEAMLESS Biophysical Typology
176
Background
177
Requirements of a Spatial Agri-environmental Framework
179
Short Description of the Contents
180
Environmental Typologies and Up-scaling
180
Data
182
Description and Characterization of the Environmental Zones (EnZ)
182
Description of European Soil DataBase (ESDBv2)
183
Description of TOPsoil Organic Carbon (OCTOP)
184
Description of the Global Digital Elevation Model (GTOPO30)
184
Methods
185
Selection of Soil Variables
185
Agri-mask
187
Results
188
Agri-environmental Zonation (AEnZ)
188
Definition
188
Characterization
188
Seamzones
190
Definition
190
Climate
193
Soil
193
Applications
197
Selection of Sample Regions
197
Allocation of Farms
198
Model Input in SEAMLESS
199
Discussion and Conclusions
199
Agri-environmental Zones
199
Climate Zones
200
Seamzones
200
Applications
201
References
201
Chapter 8 The Use of Regional Typologies in the Assessment of Farms’ Performance
205
Introduction
205
Methodological Approach
207
Approach for Testing Hypotheses
209
Measurement of Farming Intensity
209
Typology of Rural and Urban Regions
209
Typology of Regions Based on the Share of Agricultural Employment
211
Typology of LFA and Non-LFA Regions
213
References
221
Results
214
Concluding Remarks
219
Drawbacks of Typologies at a Relatively High Regional Aggregation Level
219
Wide Support for Hypothesis (2) and (3)
219
Regional Characteristics Included in Integrated Assessments
220
Chapter 9 A Web-Based Software System for Model Integration in Impact Assessments of Agricultural and Environmental Policies
222
Introduction
222
Challenges in Integrated Modelling
223
Interoperability from a Theoretical Perspective
223
Interoperability in Integrated Modelling
225
The Need for a Common Ontology
226
The Role of Ontologies in SEAMLESS
227
The Structure of SEAMLESS-IF Framework
227
Knowledge Management Technologies in SEAMLESS
228
An Architecture for Knowledge Integration in Integrated Assessment Studies
230
The SEAMLESS-IF Architecture
230
The Role of Software Engineering in the Design of Integrated Assessment Tools
232
SEAMLESS Server Technologies
233
SEAMLESS Client Technologies
235
The SEAMLESS Knowledge Manager
236
OpenMI and Model Linking
238
Using SEAMLESS-IF for Integrated Assessment Studies
240
Starting a Project in SEAMLESS-IF (Pre-modelling Phase)
240
Narrative Experiments
242
Indicator Selector and Fact Sheet Viewer
242
Constrained Choice of the Model Chain by Scale Selection (Modelling Phase)
243
Detailed Specification of Experiments
244
Chain Execution, Server-Side Queuing Model Execution and Client-Side Monitoring
244
The Visualization Environment (Post-modelling Phase)
245
Conclusions
246
References
247
Chapter 10 Evaluating Integrated Assessment Tools for Policy Support
251
Introduction
251
Deriving a General Approach to Evaluate IA Tools
252
Three Phases to Evaluate an Integrated Framework
253
Using Case Studies to Guide Evaluation and Development of the Integrated Framework
255
Conceptual Evaluation
256
Conceptual Evaluation of the Procedure for Using the Integrated Framework
257
Conceptual Evaluation of Quantitative Tools
259
Conceptual Evaluation of User Interfaces
260
Technical Evaluation
261
Technical Evaluation of Procedures for Using the Integrated Framework
261
Technical Evaluation of Quantitative Tools
261
Technical Evaluation of the User Interface
262
System Evaluation
263
System Evaluation of Procedures for Using the Integrated Framework
263
System Evaluation of Quantitative Tools
264
System Evaluation of the User Interface
264
Some More Lessons to Organize the Evaluation of an Integrated Framework
264
Use of Prototypes
265
Use of Case Studies
266
Timing of Testing
266
Independent Testers
267
Multidisciplinarity
267
Separating End-Users and Modellers
268
References
268
Chapter 11 A Comparison of CAPRI and SEAMLESS-IF as Integrated Modelling Systems
271
Introduction
271
Short Description of the CAPRI Modelling System and Its Integration in SEAMLESS-IF
272
Comparing Objectives and Structure
275
Differences in Concepts for Database and Coverage
276
Concepts of Linking Models/Components
277
The Farm Type Models in Both Systems
278
Calibration of Farm Type and Regional Programming Models
279
Technology and Externalities
280
Modelling of Policies at Farm Level
281
Agri-environmental Indicators
281
Baseline Generation for Forward Looking Impact Assessment
282
Graphical User Interface
283
Looking into the Future
284
Conclusions
286
References
286
Chapter 12 Science–Policy Interfaces in Impact Assessment Procedures
289
Introduction
289
Motive and Aim of the European Impact Assessment System
291
Impact Assessment as Part of the Dynamics of Policy
291
IA as a Learning Process
292
Conceptualizing Science–Policy Interactions in SEAMLESS-IF Application
293
The SEAMLESS-IF Impact Assessment Procedure
293
The SEAMLESS-IF Outputs as Science–Policy Interface
296
Case Studies: Establishing a Debate
297
Case: Interacting with the EC
298
Forming a Platform for Interaction
298
Positive and Negative Feedback from a User Perspective
299
Which Type of User Interface for Whom?
301
Strategic Motives Behind Requests for Technical Performance and Knowledge Content
301
Concluding Remark on the UF Experience
303
Case: Interacting with Regional Organisations
303
General Feedback on the Pre-modelling Process
304
The Framing Process
304
Specification of the Policy Option
305
Concluding Remark on the Regional Test Experiences
305
Conclusions
306
References
307
Chapter 13 Economic Principles of Monetary Valuation in Evaluation Studies
309
Introduction
309
Methods for Valuing Biological Assets
312
Non-demand Approaches
312
Demand Approaches: Revealed Preference and Stated Preference Methods
313
Travel Cost Method
313
Hedonic Pricing Method
314
Contingent Valuation Method
314
Choice Modelling
316
Benefit Transfer
317
Monetary Values of Changes in Agro-biodiversity: Some Examples
318
Monetary Valuation and Agricultural Policy
320
Estimating Social Costs and Benefits
320
Aggregation of Costs and Benefits
322
The Role of Monetary Valuation Methods in SEAMLESS
324
Conclusions
326
References
327
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