Anthropogenic Geomorphology - A Guide to Man-Made Landforms

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Contents

Contributors

Part I Introduction

1 Anthropogenic Geomorphology: Subject and System

1.1 Subject

1.2 System

References

Part II Anthropogenic Geomorphology and Related Disciplines

2 Human Impact in a Systems Approach

2.1 Some Characteristics of Physical Systems

2.2 General Model of Material and Energy Cycles and Its Relevance for Geomorphology

2.3 The Impact of Human Activities on Geomorphologic Processes

2.4 Indirect Human Impacts on Physical Systems

References

3 Anthropogenic Geomorphology in Environmental Management

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Applied or Environmental Geomorphology

3.3 Resource Exploration and Geomorphology

3.4 Geomorphological Hazards

3.5 Prediction of Geomorphic Evolution

3.6 Protecting Geomorphosites

3.7 Land Reclamation and Restoration

3.8 Perspectives

3.9 Case Study 1: Water Transfer Schemes in China

3.10 Case Study 2: Geomorphological Information in Aggregate Exploration

3.11 Case Study 3: Human-Induced Earthquakes

References

4 Anthropogenic Geomorphology and Landscape Ecology

4.1 Landscape Ecology as a Discipline

4.2 Geomorphology and Landscape Ecology

4.3 Stages of Intensifying Human Impact on the Landscape

4.3.1 Natural Landscapes

4.3.2 Slightly Modified Landscapes

4.3.3 Semi-natural Landscapes

4.3.4 Landscapes Removed From and Alien to Natural Conditions

4.3.5 Anthropogenic Landscapes

4.4 Summary

References

Part III Impacts of Various Human Activities on the Landscape

5 Agriculture: Crop Cultivation and Horticulture

5.1 A Historical Review of Crop Cultivation

5.2 The Impact of Crop Cultivation and Horticulture on the Surface

5.2.1 Influencing Factors

5.2.2 Human Interventions and Human-induced Processes and Features

5.2.3 Wind Erosion and Its Impacts

5.2.4 Impacts of Water Management on Agricultural Land

5.2.5 Loess Landscapes

5.3 Conclusions

References

6 Agriculture: Grazing Lands and Other Grasslands

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Anthropogenic Geomorphological Problems of the Sahel

6.2.1 Concept and Physical Geography of the Sahel

6.2.2 The Problem of the Sahel -- Factors of Desertification

6.2.2.1 Physical Factors

6.2.2.2 Human Impact -- Anthropogenic Geomorphologic Changes

6.2.3 Solution Opportunities

6.3 Anthropogenic Geomorphological Problems of Hungarys Grasslands

6.3.1 The Distribution and Occurrence of Grasslands in Hungary

6.3.2 Grassland Classification

6.3.3 Geomorphological Consequences of Grassland Management

6.3.3.1 Water Regulation of Grasslands

6.3.3.2 Cultivation Techniques of Grasslands

6.4 Summary

References

7 Agriculture: Cultivation on Slopes

References

8 Agriculture: Deforestation

8.1 Introduction: The Importance of Forests

8.2 History of Woodlands in the Carpathian Basin

8.3 Case Study: Geomorphological Impacts of Deforestation Through the Example of the Medves Region

8.3.1 A Historical Review of Agricultural Landscape Alterations

8.3.2 Changes in the Forested Areas in the Medves Region

8.3.3 Vegetation Related Environmental Conflicts

References

9 Quarrying and Other Minerals

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Stone Quarrying

9.2.1 Characterising and Classifying the Landforms of Quarrying

9.2.2 Excavated (negative) Forms

9.2.3 Accumulated (Positive) Forms

9.2.4 Planation Activity

9.3 Other Raw Materials for Construction

9.4 Other Minerals

9.5 Some Problems of Mine Opening and After-use

9.5.1 Case Studies

9.5.1.1 Rehabilitation of Abandoned Mining Grounds in Cornwall (England)

9.5.1.2 Bluewater Shopping Centre

9.5.1.3 TokajóPatkó Quarry

9.5.1.4 Sculpture Park in the Hársas Hill of Nagyharsány

References

10 Mining: Extraction of Fossil Fuels

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Surface Alterations Caused by Opencast Coal Mining

10.3 Geomorphic Processes Related to Deep Mining of Coal

10.3.1 Landforms of Mine Workings and Subsidence Areas

10.3.2 Surface Evolution of Waste Tips

10.3.2.1 Case Study 1: The Aberfan Slump

10.3.2.2 Case Study 2: The ádám Valley Waste Tip

10.3.3 Maturity of Waste Tips

10.4 Surface Modification by the Extraction of Fluid Fuels

10.5 The Geomorphological Cycle of Mining Landscapes

10.6 Case Study: Uranium ore Mining in the Mecsek Mountains

10.6.0 Dónes Lóczy

References

11 Water Management

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Geomorphologic Impacts of River Regulations and Flood Control

11.2.1 Relevant Landforms

11.2.1.1 Case Study 1: Geomorphologic Impacts of the Regulation of the Tisza River

11.2.2 Changes in Fluvial Action

11.2.3 Connections between Water Regulation and Mass Movements

11.2.3.1 Impacts on Mass Movements

11.2.3.2 Water Management and Ground Subsidence

11.2.4 Water Construction Works and Seismicity

11.3 Coastal Interventions and Its Consequences

11.3.1 Coastal Defence

11.3.2 Land Reclamation for Economic Purposes

11.3.2.1 Land Reclamation on the North Sea Coast

References

12 Urban Development and Anthropogenic Geomorphology

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Urbanization

12.3 Settlement Infrastructure and Topographic Transformation

12.3.1 Development and Terrain Transformation as a Function of Slope Angle

12.4 The Principles of Urban Landscaping, Its Planning and Implementation

12.4.1 The Need for Landscaping

12.4.2 Macro- and Micro-scale Landscaping

12.4.3 Planning and Implementation Objectives

12.4.4 Typical Anthropogenic Landforms in Urban Areas

12.4.5 Secondary Impacts of Surface Transformation at Settlements

References

13 Transportation and Industry

13.1 Transport Infrastructure Construction and Industrial Development

13.2 Transport and Industrial Infrastructure Until the Modern Age

13.2.1 Transport Routes

13.2.2 The Early Impacts of Industry

13.3 The Impacts of Transportation on the Surface in the Modern Age

13.3.1 Construction of Transport Network: Direct Impacts

13.3.2 Indirect Impacts

13.3.2.1 Cutting Through Impermeable Layers

13.3.2.2 Changes in Runoff

13.3.2.3 The 'Waterfall Effect'

13.3.3 Modern Industrial Development

13.3.4 Sludge Reservoirs

13.3.5 Slag Cones and Fly-ash Reservoirs

13.3.6 Cooling Ponds

13.3.7 Industrial Parks, Shopping Centres

13.3.8 Environmental Impacts of Industrial Waste Disposal

13.4 Summary

References

14 Military Activities: Warfare and Defence

14.1 Classification of Landforms of Warfare Origin

14.2 The largest Defence Line: The Great Wall of China

14.3 Defence in the Roman Empire: Limes and Earth Ramparts

14.4 Medieval Ramparts and Fortresses

14.5 Earthworks in the Modern Age

14.6 Anthropogenic Geomorphological Impacts of World War I

14.7 Landscape Transformation by Warfare in World War II and the Preceding years

14.8 Geomorphological Impacts of Modern Wars

References

15 The Impact of Tourism and Sports Activities

15.1 Introduction

15.2 The Impact of Leisure-Time Travels and Sports on Relief

15.2.1 Impacts from Winter Sports

15.2.2 Impacts Near Water

15.2.3 Impacts of Golf Courses

15.2.4 Impacts Related to Motorsports

15.2.5 Impacts of Green Areas

15.2.6 Recreation Activities Inducing or Increasing Erosion

15.2.7 Damage to Landforms, Rock Collecting

15.3 Conclusions

References

16 Impacts in Extreme Environments

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Cold Environments

16.2.1 Station Construction

16.2.2 Transportation

16.2.3 Water Supply

16.3 Arid Environments

16.3.1 Transportation and Dwelling

16.3.2 Water Drainage

16.3.3 Water Supply

16.3.4 Quarrying

16.3.5 Warfare

16.3.6 Sacral Activities

16.4 Cold and Arid Regions

16.4.1 Dwelling

16.4.2 Transportation

16.4.3 Mining ( Sulphur, Rock Salt, Ores )

16.4.4 Science

16.5 High Mountains

16.5.1 Transportation

16.5.2 ( Opencast ) Mining

16.5.3 Sport ( Ski Tourism )

16.5.4 Science ( Astronomy, Meteorology )

References

Part IV An Anthropogenic Geomorphological Synthesis

17 Nature and Extent of Human Geomorphological Impact A Review

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Estimating the Rate of Anthropogenic Geomorphological Processes

17.3 Socio-Economic Factors in Anthropogenic Geomorphology

17.3.1 Technical Progress

17.3.2 Population Growth

17.4 An Historic Approach to Anthropogenic Geomorphology

17.5 Estimating Potential Anthropogenic Geomorphological Impact

References

Index