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Pediatric Neuroendocrinology
von: S. Loche, M. Cappa, L. Ghizzoni, M. Maghnie, M.O. Savage
Karger, 2009
ISBN: 9783805593038 , 228 Seiten
Format: PDF, ePUB, OL
Kopierschutz: DRM
Preis: 184,45 EUR
Cover
1
Contents
6
Preface
8
The Transcriptome and the Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal System
9
Abstract
9
Osmoregulation
10
Detection of Hyperosmolality
10
The Hypothalamo-Neurohypopyseal System
12
Function-Related Plasticity
12
A Comprehensive Description of the HNS Transcriptome
13
The HNS Transcriptome Is Highly Strain Dependent
15
Conclusion
16
References
17
Role of Sleep and Sleep Loss in Hormonal Release and Metabolism
19
Abstract
19
Hormones that Influence Glucose Regulation and Appetite Control Are Influencedby Sleep
19
Obesity and Sleep Loss: Epidemiologic Evidence
22
Obesity, Diabetes and Sleep Loss: Evidence from Laboratory Studies
25
Conclusions
28
Acknowledgements
28
References
28
Sexual Hormones and the Brain: An Essential Alliance for Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation
30
Abstract
30
Sex Differences in Cognition and Aggression: Little Effect of the Social Environment
30
Organizational and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones
31
Programmed Gender Identity Is Irreversible
33
Neurobiological Factors of Sexual Differentiation of the Brain
33
Sex Differences in the Human Brain
34
Transsexuality
36
Transsexuality and the Brain
36
Sexual Orientation
38
Sexual Orientation and the Brain
39
Conclusions
40
Acknowledgements
41
References
41
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonists: An Update
44
Abstract
44
The ‘CRH Family’
44
CRH Receptor Antagonists
46
Clinical Implications of CRHR Antagonists
47
References
50
New Concepts on the Control of the Onset of Puberty
52
Abstract
52
General Aspects
52
‘Upstream’ Genes and the Transcriptional Control of Puberty
53
Epigenetics and Puberty
56
Concluding Remarks
57
References
57
Roles of Kisspeptins in the Control of Hypothalamic-Gonadotropic Function: Focuson Sexual Differentiation and Puberty Onset
60
Abstract
60
Brain Sexual Differentiation and Puberty Onset
61
Sexual Differentiation of Kiss1 Neurons: Functional Implications
62
Kiss1 System and the Timing of Puberty: Mechanisms and Physiological Relevance
63
Kiss1 System as Transmitter for the Metabolic Regulation of Puberty and Fertility
65
Future Directions and Conclusions
67
Acknowledgments
68
References
68
Role of the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Axis in Neurogenesis
71
Abstract
71
Neurogenesis, Neuroprotection and Plasticity
73
The Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 System in the Brain
74
Age-Related Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 onNeurogenesis
75
Endogenous and Local Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 versusTherapy
77
Brain Region-Specific Effects
78
Treatment of Disease and Neurogenesis
78
Experimental Validity for Human Clinical Use
79
Conclusion
80
References
80
Sex Steroids, Growth Hormone, Leptin and the Pubertal Growth Spurt
85
Abstract
85
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
86
GH/IGF-1 Axis
87
Leptin and Central Peptide Hormones
87
Linear Growth and Adolescent Development
90
Body Composition and Adolescent Development
91
References
92
Endocrine and Metabolic Actions of Ghrelin
94
Abstract
94
Neuroendocrine Actions
95
Ghrelin, Appetite and Energy Expenditure
97
Peripheral Metabolic Actions of Ghrelin
99
Conclusions
100
References
100
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Central Adrenal Insufficiency in Children
104
Abstract
104
Methods
105
Results
108
Discussion
110
References
114
Central Nervous System-Acting Drugs Influencing Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function
116
Abstract
116
Synthetic GCs
121
Serotonergic Drugs
123
Conclusions
125
References
126
Genetic Factors in the Development of Pituitary Adenomas
129
Abstract
129
Sporadic Tumors
136
Conclusion
138
References
140
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cushing’s Disease in Children
142
Abstract
142
Diagnosis of Paediatric Cushing’s Disease
143
Treatment of Cushing’s Disease
149
Conclusions
151
References
151
Prolactinomas in Children and Adolescents
154
Abstract
154
Clinical Presentation
155
Diagnosis
160
Treatment Strategy
162
Conclusion
164
References
165
Pituitary Tumors: Advances in Neuroimaging
168
Abstract
168
Background
169
Pituitary Adenomas
171
Main Differential Diagnosis
173
Incidentalomas
180
References
180
Resistin: Regulation of Food Intake, Glucose Homeostasis and Lipid Metabolism
183
Abstract
183
The Discovery of Resistin
184
Regulation of Resistin by Obesity and Insulin/Glucose Alterations
184
Effects of Resistin on Glucose Metabolism
185
Resistin and Lipid Metabolism
187
Resistin and Food Intake
189
Concluding Remarks
189
Acknowledgements
190
References
190
Hypothalamic Obesity
193
Abstract
193
Hypothalamic Energy Regulation
194
Etiologies of Hypothalamic Obesity
195
Clinical Characteristics of HyOb
198
Hormonal and Metabolic Characteristics of HyOb
198
Treatment
200
Conclusions
201
References
201
Neuroendocrine Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescents
205
Abstract
205
Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
206
Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis
207
Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
209
Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
210
Peptides and Cytokines that Signal Energy Availability
210
Insulin and Adiponectin
211
Leptin
211
Ghrelin
212
Peptide YY
212
Other Hormones
213
Bone Metabolism
213
Hormonal Determinants of Low Bone Density in Anorexia Nervosa
216
Body Composition
218
Statural Growth
219
Conclusion
219
Grant Support
219
References
220
Author Index
223
Subject Index
224
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