Wireless Communication Electronics - Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques

Preface

Acknowledgements

Contents

Abbreviations

Chapter

20

1.1 Fundamental Concepts in Physics

1.2 Wireless Transmission of Signals

1.2.1 A Short History of Wireless Technology

1.3 Nature of Waves

1.4 Wave Characteristics

1.4.1 Amplitude

1.4.2 Frequency

1.4.3 Envelope

1.4.4 Phase, Group, and Signal Velocity

1.4.5 Wavelength

1.4.6 Multitone Waveform

1.4.7 Frequency Spectrum

1.5 Electromagnetic Waves

1.5.1 Tuning

1.5.2 Maxwell's Equations

1.5.2.1 Magnetic Field

1.5.2.2 Electric Field

1.5.2.3 Electrical Shielding

1.5.2.4 Magnetic Shielding

1.5.2.5 Displacement Current

1.5.3 The Concept of High Frequency

1.6 RF Communication Systems

1.7 Summary

Problems

Chapter

49

2.1 Matter and Electricity

2.2 Electromotive Force

2.3 Electric Current Effects

2.4 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators

2.5 Basic Electrical Variables

2.5.1 Voltage

2.5.2 Current

2.5.3 Power

2.5.4 Impedance

2.6 Electronic Signals

2.6.1 Properties of a Sine Wave

2.6.1.1 Root Mean Square

2.6.1.2 Common Mode of a Signal

2.6.2 DC and AC Signals

2.6.3 Single-Ended and Differential Signals

2.6.4 Constructive and Destructive Signal Interactions

2.7 Signal Quantification

2.7.1 AC Signal Power

2.7.2 The Decibel Scale

2.7.3 The Meaning of ``Ground''

2.8 Summary

Problems

Chapter

71

3.1 Thermal Noise

3.2 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth

3.2.1 Noise Bandwidth in an RC Network

3.2.2 Noise Bandwidth in an RLC Network

3.3 Signal to Noise Ratio

3.4 Noise Figure

3.5 Noise Temperature

3.6 Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks

3.7 Noise in Active Devices

3.8 Summary

Problems

Chapter

85

4.1 Simple Circuit Elements

4.1.1 Simple Conductive Wire

4.1.1.1 DC and RF Behaviours of a Simple Wire

4.1.1.2 Skin Depth of a Simple Wire

4.1.2 Ideal Voltage Source

4.1.3 Ideal Current Source

4.1.4 Resistance

4.1.4.1 Linear and Nonlinear Resistance

4.1.4.2 AC Signal Generator and Resistive Load

4.1.5 Capacitance

4.1.5.1 Capacitive Reactance

4.1.5.2 AC Steady State of a Circuit with Capacitor

4.1.5.3 Transient Capacitive Current

4.1.6 Inductance

4.1.6.1 AC Steady State of a Circuit with Inductor

4.1.6.2 Transient Inductive Current

4.1.7 Transformer

4.1.7.1 Energy Stored in a Transformer

4.1.7.2 Transformer Loading

4.1.8 Memristance

4.1.9 Voltage Divider

4.1.9.1 Resistive Voltage Divider

4.1.9.2 RC Voltage Divider

4.1.9.3 RL Voltage Divider

4.2 Basic Network Laws

4.2.1 Ohm's Law

4.2.2 Kirchhoff's Laws

4.2.3 Thévenin and Norton's Transformations

4.3 Semiconductor Devices

4.3.1 Doped Semiconductor Material

4.3.2 P–N Junction

4.3.3 Diode

4.3.4 Bipolar Junction Transistor

4.3.4.1 BJT Equivalent Circuits

4.3.5 MOS Field-Effect Transistor

4.3.6 Junction Field-Effect Transistor

4.4 Summary

Problems

Chapter

144

5.1 The LC Circuit

5.1.1 Damping and Maintaining Oscillations

5.1.2 Forced Oscillations

5.2 The RLC Circuit

5.2.1 Serial RLC Network

5.2.2 Parallel RLC Network

5.3 Q Factor

5.3.1 Q Factor of a Serial RLC Network

5.3.2 Q Factor of a Parallel RLC Network

5.4 Self-resonance of an Inductor

5.5 Serial to Parallel Impedance Transformations

5.6 Dynamic Resistance

5.7 General RLC Networks

5.7.1 Derivation for the Resonant Frequency 0

5.7.2 Derivation for the Dynamic Resistance RD

5.8 Selectivity

5.9 Bandpass Filters

5.10 Coupled Tuned Circuit

5.11 Summary

Problems

Chapter

173

6.1 System Partitioning Concept

6.2 Maximum Power Transfer

6.3 Measuring Power Loss Due to Mismatch

6.4 Matching Networks

6.5 Impedance Transformation

6.6 The Q Matching Technique

6.6.1 Matching Real Impedances

6.6.2 Matching Complex Impedances

6.6.2.1 Absorbing the Parasitics

6.6.2.2 Resonating out Excessive Parasitics

6.7 Bandwidth of a Single-Stage LC Matching Network

6.7.1 Increasing Bandwidth with Multisection Impedance Matching

6.7.2 Decreasing Bandwidth with Multisection Impedance Matching

6.8 Summary

Problems

Chapter

189

7.1 General Amplifiers

7.1.1 Amplifier Classification

7.1.2 Voltage Amplifier

7.1.3 Current Amplifier

7.1.4 Transconductance Amplifier

7.1.5 Transresistance Amplifier

7.2 Single-Stage Amplifiers

7.2.1 Common-Base Amplifier

7.2.1.1 Input Resistance

7.2.1.2 Output Resistance

7.2.1.3 Voltage Gain

7.2.2 Common-Emitter Amplifier

7.2.2.1 Input Resistance

7.2.2.2 Output Resistance

7.2.2.3 Voltage Gain

7.2.3 Common-Collector Amplifier

7.2.3.1 Input Resistance

7.2.3.2 Output Resistance

7.2.3.3 Voltage Gain

7.3 Cascode Amplifier

7.4 The Biasing Problem

7.4.1 Emitter-Degenerated CE Amplifier

7.4.2 Voltage Divider for Biasing Control

7.4.3 Two-Stage Biasing Control

7.5 AC Analysis of Voltage Amplifiers

7.6 Miller Capacitance

7.7 Tuned Amplifiers

7.7.1 Single-Stage CE RF Amplifier

7.7.1.1 Intuitive View of CE RF Amplifier Operation

7.7.1.2 Miller Effect

7.7.1.3 CE RF Amplifier Stability

7.7.1.4 Cascode RF and IF Amplifiers

7.7.1.5 Unilateralisation of CE Amplifier

7.7.2 Single-Stage CB RF Amplifier

7.7.3 Insertion Loss

7.8 Summary

Problems

Chapter

237

8.1 Criteria for Oscillations

8.2 Ring Oscillators

8.3 Phase-Shift Oscillators

8.4 RF Oscillators

8.4.1 Tapped L, Centre-Grounded Feedback Network

8.4.2 Tapped C, Centre-Grounded Feedback Network

8.4.3 Tapped L, Bottom-Grounded Feedback Network

8.4.4 Tapped C, Bottom-Grounded Feedback Network

8.4.5 Tuned Transformer

8.5 Amplitude-Limiting Methods

8.5.1 Automatic Gain Control

8.5.2 Clamp Biasing

8.5.3 Gain Reduction with Temperature-Dependent Resistors

8.5.4 Device Saturation with Tuned Output

8.6 Crystal-Controlled Oscillators

8.7 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators

8.8 Time and Amplitude Jitter

8.9 Summary

Problems

Chapter

257

9.1 Signal-Mixing Mechanism

9.2 Diode Mixers

9.3 Transistor Mixers

9.4 JFET Mixers

9.5 Dual-Gate MOSFET Mixers

9.6 Image Frequency

9.6.1 Image Rejection

9.6.2 LC Tank Admittance

9.7 Summary

Problems

Chapter

269

10.1 PLL Operational Principles

10.2 Linear Model of PLL

10.2.1 Phase Detector Model

10.2.2 VCO Model

10.2.3 PLL Bandwidth

10.2.4 The Loop Filter Model

10.3 PLL Applications

10.3.1 Frequency Synthesizers

10.3.2 Clock and Data Recovery Units (CRU)

10.3.3 Tracking Filters

10.4 Summary

Problems

Chapter

279

11.1 The Need for Modulation

11.2 Amplitude Modulation

11.2.1 Trapezoidal Patterns and the Modulation Index

11.2.2 Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude-Modulated Signal

11.2.3 Average Power

11.2.4 Double-Sideband and Single-Sideband Modulation

11.2.4.1 Bandpass Filters for SSB Modulation

11.2.5 The Need for Frequency and Phase Synchronization

11.2.6 Amplitude Modulator Circuits

11.2.6.1 BJT AM Circuit

11.2.6.2 Class C AM Circuit

11.2.6.3 Balanced AM Circuits

11.2.6.4 Double-Balanced Diode Ring Modulator

11.2.6.5 Single-Balanced FET Modulator

11.2.6.6 Double-Balanced IC Modulator

11.3 Angle Modulation

11.3.1 Frequency Modulation

11.3.2 Phase Modulation

11.3.3 Angle Modulator Circuits

11.3.3.1 Reactance Modulator

11.3.3.2 Varicap Diode-Based Phase Modulator

11.4 PLL Modulator

11.5 Summary

Problems

Chapter

310

12.1 AM Demodulation Principles

12.2 Diode AM Envelope Detector

12.2.1 Ripple Factor

12.2.2 Detection Efficiency

12.2.3 Input Resistance

12.2.4 Distortion Factor

12.3 FM Wave Demodulation

12.3.1 Slope Detectors and FM Discriminators

12.3.1.1 Dual Slope Detector

12.3.1.2 Foster–Seeley Dual Slope Detector

12.3.2 Quadrature Detector

12.3.3 PLL Demodulator

12.4 Summary

Problems

Chapter

333

13.1 Basic Radio Receiver Topologies

13.2 Nonlinear Effects

13.2.1 Harmonic Distortion

13.2.1.1 Gain Compression

13.2.2 Inter-Modulation

13.2.3 Cross-Modulation

13.2.4 Image Frequency

13.3 Radio Receiver Specifications

13.3.1 Dynamic Range

13.3.1.1 Noise Floor

13.3.1.2 Sensitivity

13.4 Summary

Problems

Appendix

349

Appendix

350

Appendix

351

Appendix

352

Appendix

354

Appendix

355

Appendix

356

Bibliography

Glossary

Solutions

Index