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Nanomaterials - Mechanics and Mechanisms
von: K.T. Ramesh
Springer-Verlag, 2009
ISBN: 9780387097831 , 343 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 136,84 EUR
Preface
6
Acknowledgements
8
Contents
9
Acronyms
13
List of Figures
14
List of Tables
33
Nanomaterials
34
Length Scales and Nanotechnology
34
What are Nanomaterials?
36
Classes of Materials
38
Making Nanomaterials
39
Making dn Materials
39
Health Risks Associated with Nanoparticles
40
Making Bulk Nanomaterials
41
Closing
50
Suggestions for Further Reading
51
Problems and Directions for Research
51
References
52
Fundamentals of Mechanics of Materials
54
Review of Continuum Mechanics
54
Vector and Tensor Algebra
54
Kinematics of Deformations
58
Forces, Tractions and Stresses
62
Work and Energy
67
Field Equations of Mechanics of Materials
68
Constitutive Relations, or Mathematical Descriptions of Material Behavior
68
Elasticity
69
Plastic Deformation of Materials
76
Fracture Mechanics
86
Suggestions for Further Reading
90
Problems and Directions for Research
90
References
92
Nanoscale Mechanics and Materials: Experimental Techniques
93
Introduction
93
NanoMechanics Techniques
94
Characterizing Nanomaterials
96
Scanning Electron Microscopy or SEM
96
Transmission Electron Microscopy or TEM
97
X-Ray Diffraction or XRD
98
Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques
98
Atomic Force Microscopy or AFM
100
In situ Deformation
100
Nanoscale Mechanical Characterization
103
Sample and Specimen Fabrication
103
Nanoindentation
104
Microcompression
106
Microtensile Testing
114
Fracture Toughness Testing
118
Measurement of Rate-Dependent Properties
118
Suggestions for Further Reading
123
Problems and Directions for Research
123
References
123
Mechanical Properties: Density and Elasticity
126
Density Considered as an Example Property
126
The Rule of Mixtures Applied to Density
127
The Importance of Grain Morphology
132
Density as a Function of Grain Size
134
Summary: Density as an Example Property
136
The Elasticity of Nanomaterials
137
The Physical Basis of Elasticity
137
Elasticity of Discrete Nanomaterials
138
Elasticity of NanoDevice Materials
141
Composites and Homogenization Theory
142
Simple Bounds for Composites, Applied to Thin Films
144
Summary of Composite Concepts
147
Elasticity of Bulk Nanomaterials
148
Suggestions for Further Reading
149
Problems and Directions for Research
149
References
150
Plastic Deformation of Nanomaterials
151
Continuum Descriptions of Plastic Behavior
151
The Physical Basis of Yield Strength
152
Crystals and Crystal Plasticity
158
Strengthening Mechanisms in Single Crystal Metals
162
Baseline Strengths
163
Solute Strengthening
163
Dispersoid Strengthening
164
Precipitate Strengthening
165
Forest Dislocation Strengthening
165
From Crystal Plasticity to Polycrystal Plasticity
166
Grain Size Effects
168
Models for Hall-Petch Behavior
168
Other Effects of Grain Structure
180
Summary: The Yield Strength of Nanomaterials
184
Plastic Strain and Dislocation Motion
185
The Physical Basis of Strain Hardening
186
Strain Hardening in Nanomaterials
188
The Physical Basis of Rate-Dependent Plasticity
190
Dislocation Dynamics
190
Thermal Activation
192
Dislocation Substructure Evolution
196
The Rate-Dependence of Nanomaterials
197
Case Study: Behavior of Nanocrystalline Iron
202
Closing
205
Suggestions for Further Reading
205
Problems and Directions for Research
206
References
206
Mechanical Failure Processes in Nanomaterials
209
Defining the Failure of Materials
210
Failure in the Tension Test
213
Effect of Strain Hardening
214
Effect of Rate-Sensitivity
216
Multiaxial Stresses and Microscale Processes Within the Neck
218
Summary: Failure in the Simple Tension Test
219
The Ductility of Nanomaterials
220
Failure Processes
223
Nucleation of Failure Processes
224
The Growth of Failures
225
The Coalescence of Cracks and Voids
226
Implications of Failure Processes in Nanomaterials
226
The Fracture of Nanomaterials
227
Shear Bands in Nanomaterials
231
Types of Shear Bands
233
Shear Bands in Nanocrystalline bcc Metals
233
Microstructure Within Shear Bands
237
Effect of Strain Rate on the Shear Band Mechanism
240
Effect of Specimen Geometry on the ShearBand Mechanism
240
Shear Bands in Other Nanocrystalline Metals
241
Suggestions for Further Reading
241
Problems and Directions for Research
241
References
242
Scale-Dominant Mechanisms in Nanomaterials
244
Discrete Nanomaterials and Nanodevice Materials
244
Nanoparticles
244
Nanotubes
251
Nanofibers
254
Functionalized Nanotubes, Nanofibers, and Nanowires
255
Nanoporous Structures
255
Thin Films
256
Surfaces and Interfaces
256
Bulk Nanomaterials
257
Dislocation Mechanisms
257
Deformation Twinning
259
Grain Boundary Motion
264
Grain Rotation
265
Stability Maps Based on Grain Rotation
280
Multiaxial Stresses and Constraint Effects
285
Closing
285
Suggestions for Further Reading
285
Problems and Directions for Research
286
References
286
Modeling Nanomaterials
289
Modeling and Length Scales
289
Scaling and Physics Approximations
295
Scaling Up from Sub-Atomic Scales
296
The Enriched Continuum Approach
297
The Molecular Mechanics Approach
297
Molecular Dynamics
302
Discrete Dislocation Dynamics
305
Continuum Modeling
306
Crystal Plasticity Models
306
Polycrystalline Fracture Models
307
Theoretically Based Enriched Continuum Modeling
308
Strain Gradient Plasticity
315
Multiscale Modeling
317
Constitutive Functions for Bulk Nanomaterials
320
Elasticity
320
Yield Surfaces
321
Closing
322
Suggestions for Further Reading
323
Problems and Directions for Future Research
323
References
324
References
327
Index
338
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