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Mortality and Maldevelopment - Part II: The Saga of Neural Tube Defects
von: Harold Kalter
Springer-Verlag, 2009
ISBN: 9781402096068 , 265 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 149,79 EUR
Mortality and Maldevelopment
2
Harold Kalter
3
Contents
6
Introduction: Basic Stuff
11
Neural Tube Defects
14
Neural Tube Defects in History
14
Normal Neural Tube Development
16
Failure of Closure
16
Defining Neural Tube Defects
17
Definition Differences
19
A Word about Etiology, etc.
20
The Frequency of Neural Tube Defects
22
Death and Malformation
24
Setting the Stage
25
Malformations in Early 20th Century USA
25
Studies in the Old World
27
United Kingdom and Ireland
27
Scotland
37
England
41
British/Irish Ancestry
56
The Continent of Europe
58
The North
58
The West
69
The Center
77
The South
82
Others
83
The United States
85
A Transcontinental View
85
The Northeast
86
The South
100
Midwest
107
Mid-South
111
Texas
111
The West
116
Pacific West
118
Furthest West
123
Geography and Chronology
124
Nationwide Survey
125
Continental Overlook
127
The Larger Northeast
128
The South
130
The Center
131
The Mid-South
132
The West
132
Canada
134
Newfoundland
134
Nova Scotia
136
New Brunswick
138
Quebec
138
Ontario
140
Manitoba
142
Alberta
142
British Columbia
143
Canada from East to West
147
Other Lands
149
Australia and New Zealand
150
Victoria
150
New South Wales
152
South Australia
153
Western Australia
153
Other States and Territories
155
New Zealand
156
Blacks and Jews
159
Blacks
159
A Puzzle
165
Jews
165
The Mideast
170
Arabs
170
Iran
171
Turkey
171
Asia
173
India
173
China
173
The Sex Ratio Phenomenon
175
Sex Ratio in all Births
175
Sex Ratio in Neural Tube Defects
176
Sex Ratio in Pregnancy
178
Sex Ratio of Neural Tube Defect Abortions
179
Abortion
181
Abortion and Congenital Malformation
181
Abortion and Chromosome Abnormality
181
Abortion and Neural Tube Defect
182
Induced Abortion and Chromosome Abnormality
184
Questions
185
Fetal Diagnosis of Neural Tube Defect
186
Genesis of the Discovery
186
Neglected Opportunities
187
Questions
188
Etiology I: Early Questions
191
Recurrence
192
Recurrence in Families
193
Sex Disparities
195
Neural Tube Defects in Twins
196
In Sum
201
Abortion of Neural Tube Defects
201
Neural Tube Defect Accessories
203
Etiology II
207
A Small History Lesson
207
Later Days
208
Retinoids
209
Anticonvulsants
210
Folic Acid
210
Neural Tube Defects in China
216
Earlier Findings
216
A Folic Acid Study
216
Other Studies
217
Later Reports
219
Does Folic Acid Prevent Neural Tube Defects?
220
A Coda
221
The Ultimate Question
222
The Future
224
Bibliography
225
Index
259
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