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Milk and Milk Products in Human Nutrition
2
Contents
6
Preface
8
Foreword
9
Contributors
12
Milk during Pregnancy and Infancy
15
Milk Intake, Calcium and Vitamin D inPregnancy and Lactation: Effects onMaternal, Fetal and Infant Bone inLow- and High-Income Countries
15
Abstract
15
Introduction
15
Calcium as a Bone-Forming Mineral
16
Calcium Requirements for Infancy, Pregnancy and Lactation
16
Vitamin D Requirements for Infancy, Pregnancy and Lactation
17
Dietary Sources and Intakes of Calcium
18
Dietary Sources and Intakes of Vitamin D
19
Animal Milk Consumption in Low- and High-Income Countries
20
Implications of a Low Calcium Intake for Maternal and InfantBone Health
20
Implications of a Low Vitamin D Supply for Maternal and InfantBone Health
22
Animal Milk Intake in Pregnancy and Lactation
22
Conclusions
22
Acknowledgments
23
References
23
Discussion
25
References
29
Human Milk vs. Cow’s Milk and theEvolution of Infant Formulas
31
Abstract
31
Introduction
31
Principal Differences between Human Milk and Cow’s Milk
32
The History of Infant Formulas
33
Recent Modifications of Infant Formulas
35
References
38
Discussion
39
References
42
Whole Cow’s Milk in Early Life
43
Abstract
43
Cow’s Milk in Infancy and Iron Deficiency
43
Infant Formula instead of Whole Cow’s Milk
44
Whole Cow’s Milk and the Consequences of the High ProteinConcentration
46
Allergy and Cow’s Milk Protein
48
Cow’s Milk and Less Evident Hypothesis on Diabetes Type 1 andAutism
48
Conclusions
50
References
50
Discussion
51
References
54
Biological Effects of Novel BovineMilk Fractions
55
Abstract
55
Introduction
55
-Lactalbumin
56
Lactoferrin
58
Osteopontin
60
Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteins
61
Conclusions
63
References
63
Discussion
65
Reference
68
Milk and Oral Health
69
Abstract
69
Oral Health in a Global Perspective
69
Determinants for Dental Caries
70
Potential Anticariogenic Effects of Milk
72
Milk and Dental Health in Children
72
Dairy Products and Oral Health in Adults
73
Milk as a Carrier of Therapeutic Agents
75
Conclusion
75
References
76
Discussion
77
Reference
80
Milk during Childhood in Low- and High-Income Countries
81
Milk and Growth in Children: Effects ofWhey and Casein
81
Abstract
81
Milk and Growth
84
Whey and Casein
85
Body Composition
86
Mechanism
86
References
88
Discussion
89
References
92
Milk and Linear Growth: Programming ofthe IGF-I Axis and Implication forHealth in Adulthood
93
Abstract
93
Introduction
93
Childhood Stature and Health in Adulthood
95
Breast Milk, Cows Milk and Stature
96
Milk and Health in Adulthood
97
Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Nutrition and Adult ChronicDisease Risk
99
Nutritional Programming of IGF-I
101
Implications
102
Acknowledgements
104
References
104
Discussion
107
References
110
Cow’s Milk in Treatment of Moderateand Severe Undernutrition inLow-Income Countries
113
Abstract
113
Introduction
113
Definition of Undernutrition
114
Size of the Undernutrition Problem
114
Why Is Milk So Effective?
115
Protein
115
Lactose
115
Minerals
116
Effects of Milk on Nutritional Status
116
Cow’s Milk Products Used in Treatment of Undernutrition
117
Products for Treating Undernutrition
118
Potential Negative Effects of Using Cow’s Milk
118
Recommendations on the Use of Milk in Treating Undernutrition
120
References
120
Discussion
122
Reference
125
Effects of Animal Source Foods, withEmphasis on Milk, in the Diet ofChildren in Low-Income Countries
127
Abstract
127
Introduction
127
Observational Studies
128
Intervention Trials
129
Milk from Other Animals
137
Unresolved Questions Concerning Cow’s Milk and Children’sHealth in Developing Countries
138
Conclusions
138
References
139
Discussion
141
Evidence for Acne-Promoting Effects ofMilk and Other Insulinotropic DairyProducts
145
Abstract
145
Epidemiological Evidence for the Relation between MilkConsumption and Acne
146
Combinations of Milk and Carbohydrates PotentiateInsulinotropic Effects
147
Milk Consumption Elevates Postprandial Insulinemia, GH andIGF-I Plasma Levels
147
Whey Proteins: The Major Inducers of PostprandialHyperinsulinemia
148
A Possible Role of Bovine Betacellulin in Acne Pathogenesis
148
Evidence for a Milk-Entero-Pituitary Axis?
150
Existence of a Milk-Pituitary-Adrenal-Sebocyte Axis?
151
Nutrigenomic Effects of Milk on FoxO1 Signaling in AcnePathogenesis
151
Acne-Cancer Relationship
152
Conclusion
154
References
154
Discussion
156
References
158
General Aspects of Milk: Milk in Adult Nutrition
161
Milk Proteins in the Regulation ofBody Weight, Satiety, Food Intakeand Glycemia
161
Abstract
161
Introduction
161
Dairy Consumption, Body Weight and the Metabolic Syndrome
162
Characteristics of Cow’s Milk Proteins
162
Milk Proteins, Satiety and Food Intake
164
Milk Proteins and Satiety Mechanisms
166
Milk Proteins and Glycemic Control
167
Conclusions
170
References
170
Discussion
171
Reference
173
Lactose Intolerance: An UnnecessaryRisk for Low Bone Density
175
Abstract
175
References
180
Discussion
181
Milk and the Risk and Progression ofCancer
187
Abstract
187
Introduction
187
Key Issues in Diet-Cancer Research
188
Colorectal Cancer
190
Prostate Cancer
192
Breast and Ovarian Cancer
193
Conclusions
196
References
196
Discussion
197
Reference
199
Milk A1 and A2 Peptides and Diabetes
201
Abstract
201
Introduction
201
Overview Dietary Peptides
202
Overview Diabetes
205
Dietary Peptides and Diabetes
206
Conclusion
207
References
208
Discussion
208
Milk Fat and Health Consequences
211
Abstract
211
Dairy Fat Composition
211
Saturated Fats and Cholesterol
211
Effect of Dairy Fats in the Diet
212
Trans Fatty Acids
214
Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
214
Bioactive Phospholipids
215
Conclusions
216
References
216
Discussion
217
References
221
Concluding Remarks
223
Subject Index
229
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