Innovations in Army Energy and Power Materials Technologies

front_matter

Innovations in Army Energy and Power Materials Technologies

Table of Contents

Preface

s1

Electrochemistry

1. Introduction

2. Overview

2.1 Electrochemical Energy Storage

2.2 Electrochemical Energy Conversion

2.2.1 Fuel Cells

2.2.1.1 Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell

2.2.1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

2.2.1.3 Reforming Battlefield Logistics Fuel for H2

2.2.1.4 Hybrid Acid-Alkaline Fuel Cells

2.2.1.6 Sunlight to H2

2.2.1.7 CO2 to Fuel

3. Summary

1

Recent Trends in Double Layer Capacitors and Dual Intercalation Batteries from Molecular Prospective

1. Introduction

2. Structural properties of electric double layer

3. Electrolytes in charged nanopores.

4. Dual-ion intercalation into graphite

5. Future research and concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

2

Importance of Reduction and Oxidation Stability of High Voltage Electrolytes and Additives

1. Introduction

2. Experimental materials

2.1 Materials

2.2 Cyclic voltammetry

2.3 Coin cell cycling

2.4 Quantum chemistry studies of lithium solvation, electrolyte reduction and oxidation

2.5 Quantum chemistry studies of the solvent – cathode surface interactions

3. Results and discussion

3.1 The lithium solvation shell composition and electrolyte electrochemical stability from quantum chemistry calculations

3.1.1 Li+ solvation shell structure

3.1.2 Reduction stability of electrolyte

3.1.3 Oxidation stability of electrolyte

3.2 Oxidative stability of electrolytes with different salts on glassy carbon electrodes

3.3 Oxidative stability of electrolytes with different solvents and additives on GC

3.4 Reduction of electrolytes with different salts in EC:EMC (3:7 wt%) on GC

3.5 Reduction of electrolytes with different solvents and additives on GC

3.6 Redox reactions in a full cell

3.7 Impact of TMSP on cycling of LNMO/graphite cells

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

3

Factors Limiting Li+ Charge Transfer Kinetics in Li-ion Batteries

1. Introduction

2. Li+ charge transfer process

3. Electrochemical charge transfer resistance

4. De-solvation of solvated Li+ as a rate limiting step

5. Li+ transport in the sei as a rate limiting step

6. Discussion

7. Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Referencs

4

In-situ and Quantitative Characterization of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase

1. Introduction

2. SEI formation and structure

3. Associated content

3.1 Supporting information: in-situ and quantitative characterization of solid

3.1.1 Environment

3.1.2 Electrolytes

3.1.3 Cyclic voltammetry

3.1.4 Atomic force microscopy

3.1.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

4. Author Contributions

Acknowledgements

References

5

LiCoPO4 5 V Li-ion Cathode

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Substitutional Improvements to LiCoPO4

3.2 Structure of Cr and Si Substituted LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4

3.3 Discharge Capacity and Cycle Life of Cr and Si Substituted LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4

3.4 Specific Energy of Full 5 V Li-ion Cells

3.5 Rate Capability of Cr and Si Substituted LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

6

“Water-in-Salt” Electrolyte Enables High Voltage Aqueous Li-ion Chemistries

1. Introduction

2. Results

2.1 “Water-in-Salt” Electrolytes

2.2 A High Voltage Aqueous Li-ion Battery

2.3 Interphasial Chemistry and its Significance

Acknowledgments

Supplemental Materials

References

7

Pyrite FeS2 as an Efficient Adsorbent of Lithium Polysulfide for Improved Lithium–Sulphur Batteries

1. Introduction

2. Results and Discussion

3. Conclusions

References

8

Electrochemical Stability of Li6.5La3Zr2M0.5O12 (M = Nb or Ta) Against Metallic Lithium

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Powder preparation

2.2 Densification

2.3 Characterization

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Materials characterization

3.2 Initial and after pre-conditioning electrochemical impedance

3.3 Cycling and electrochemical impedance

3.4 Characterization after cycling

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

9

In-Situ Studies on the Electrochemical Intercalation of Hexafluorophosphate Anion in Graphite with Selective Co-intercalation of Solvent

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

2.1 Materials

2.2 In-situ XRD

2.3 In-situ dilatometry

2.4 In-situ gravimetry

2.5 Ex-situ gravimetry and GC-MS

3. Discussion

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

10

Understanding Transport at the Acid-Alkaline Interface of Bipolar Membranes

1. Introduction

2. Theoretical development

2.1 Junction thermodynamics at thermal equilibrium

2.2 Thermal equilibrium & analogy to semiconductors

2.3 Effects of carbon dioxide and carbonates

2.4 Transport equations

2.5 Mechanisms of charge generation & recombination in the space-charge region

2.6 Numeric methods & solution procedures

3. Results & discussion

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Symbols & Nomenclature

References

11

Stabilizing High-Voltage LiCoO2 Cathode in Aqueous Electrolyte with Interphase-forming Additive

1. Introduction

2. Conclusions

3. Experimental Section

3.1 Materials

3.2 Materials Characterizations

3.3 Electrochemical Measurements

3.4 DFT Calculation

Acknowledgements

Supplementary Information: Stabilization of High-Voltage LiCoO2 Cathode in Water-in-Salt Electrolytes

Reference

s2

The Power Sciences

1. Introduction

2. Overview

2.1 Compact Power

2.2 Thermal Science and Engineering

2.3 Wide Bandgap Materials and Devices

2.4 Photovoltaics

2.5 Thermal to Electric Energy Conversion

2.6 Energy-Efficient Electronics

3. Summary

References

12

Nuclear Metastables for Energy and Power: Status and Challenges

1. Introduction

2. Nuclear isomers

3. Isomer depletion

4. Isomer depletion for 108mAg and 186mRe

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

13

Microcombustion of Heavy Fuels for Multifuel Portable Power Generation

1. Introduction

2. Major Concepts

2.1 Hybrid homogeneous-homogeneous combustion

2.2 Heat recirculation

3. Approach

3.1 Experiments

3.1.1 Fully insulated Parallel Plate Reactor

3.1.2 High Heat Loss Slot Reactor

4. Major findings

4.1 Fully Insulated Parallel Plate Reactor

4.1.1 Experiments

4.1.2 Numerical modeling

4.2 High Heat Loss Slot Reactor

5. Discussion

6. Summary

References

14

Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons and Army Jet Fuels for Small Scale Combustion

1. Background

1.1 Surface effects (interfacial phenomena)

1.2 Time scaling effects

1.3 Flame stability and extinction characteristics in microchannel

2. Defense relevance

3. Major concepts

3.1 Use of a descriptor in volcano-type relationship for catalyst design

3.2 Use of a surrogate compound in a homologous series

4. Approach

5. Methodology

6. Major findings/results and discussion

6.1 Propane combustion

6.2 Dodecane and dodecane-xylene combustion

6.3 Jet fuels combustion

7. Summary

Acknowledgement

References

15

Pyroelectric Energy Conversion for Army Applications

1. Introduction

2. Pyroelectric Materials

2.1 Sample Preparation

2.2 Determination of Pyroelectric Coefficient and Dielectric Constant

3. Thermodynamic Theory

3.1 Constant Pyroelectric Coefficient Work Relationships

3.2 Frequency Impacts on Cycle Temperature

3.3 Frequency Dependent Cycle Work and Power Output

3.4 Frequency Impact on Thermodynamic Efficiency

4. Brayton Cycle Experiment

4.1 Energy Conversion Set-up

4.2 Results and Discussion

5. Wireless Power Transmission via Modulated Laser Irradiation

5.1 Fabrication and Characterization of Pyroelectric Receivers

5.2 Wireless Power Experiments

5.3 Wireless Power Transmission

5.4 Wireless Power Calculation

Conclusions

References

16

Novel Measurement Methods for Thermoelectric Power Generator Materials and Devices

1. Introduction

2. Novel measurements of thermal conductivity

2.1 Steady-state isothermal technique

2.1.1 Thermal conductivity of n-type half-Heusler

2.1.2 Thermal conductivity of PbTe

2.2 Scanning hot probe

2.3 Transient and lock-in harman techniques to decouple material ZT and thermoelectric properties

2.3.1 Transient harman technique – analytical model

2.3.2 Lock-in harman technique – analytical model

2.3.3 Experimental results – transient harman

2.3.4 Experimental results – lock-in Harman

3. Verification strategies for measurements

3.1 Slope-efficiency method: rapid measurement of device ZTmaximum.

3.1.1 Analysis of commercial (Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3 module

3.1.2 Analysis of PbTe/TAGS module

3.2 Discretized heat-balance model and analysis

Conclusions

References

17

Charged Quantum Dots for High-Efficiency Photovoltaics and IR Sensing

1. Introduction

2. 3D nanoscale potential profile in Q-BIC structures

3. Photoelectron kinetics in Q-BIC structures

4. Q-BIC solar cells and IR detectors

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

18

IVT Measurements of GaN Power Schottky Diodes with Drift Layers Grown by HVPE on HVPE GaN Substrates

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusion

References

19

MEMS-Based and Switched-Capacitor Approaches for Miniature Power Supply Applications

1. Introduction

2. MEMS power passives

2.1 Piezoelectric RLC resonators and transformers

2.2 Power transfer and handling considerations

3. Micromachined power passives

3.1 Transmission-line-based power converters

3.2 PZT-copper implementation

4. 10V fully-integrated bidirectional switched capacitor ladder converter

4.1 High-voltage SC ladder

4.2 NBS cell drivers

4.3 Measurements

5. Conclusion

References

20

Power Management for Small Scale Systems

1. Introduction

2. Fabrication process

2.1 Metallization

2.2 Surface-mount and bare die subcomponent integration

2.3 Encapsulation and wafer substrate removal

3. Microinductor and transformer characterization

4. Conclusions and future work

Acknowledgements

References

21

Power Considerations for MAST Platforms

1. Introduction

2. Mobility power requirements

3. Small (<50 gram) power sources

4. MAST sub-system needs

5. mm-scale power delivery

5.1 High frequency CMOS converters

5.2 MEMS magnetic passives

5.3 MEMS piezoelectric transformers

6. Conclusions & future work

References

s3

Power Integration

1. Introduction

2. Overview

2.1 Wide Bandgap Devices

2.2 Power Conditioning and Thermal Management

2.3 Intelligent Energy/ Energy Networks

3. Summary

References (articles in this chapter)

22

(Basic Mechanisms of Threshold-Voltage Instability and Implications for Reliability Testing of SiC MOSFETs

1. Introduction

2. Background

3. Basic Mechanisms at Room Temperature

4. Basic mechanisms at high temperature

5. Implications for reliability testing

Conclusion

References

23

Integrated Thermal Management for Power Electronics Packaging

1. Introduction

1.1 Power electronics applications

1.1.1 Vehicle power electronic applications

1.1.2 Vehicle cooling loop considerations

2. Army power electronics cooling challenges

2.1 Future power module performance targets

2.2 Standard power module configuration

2.3 Current power module challenges

2.4 Thermal challenges in power electronics packaging

2.4.1 1-dimensional package layer model

2.4.2 ANSYS Modeling Results

2.4.2.1 Impact of improving the backside cooling

2.4.2.2 Impact of adding topside cooling

2.5 Thermal challenge summary

3. ARL approaches to improving power electronics cooling

3.1 Advanced single phase cooling

3.1.1 Substrate integrated microchannel substrates

3.2 Diamond saw-cut ceramic microchannels

3.2.1 Stereolithographically defined ceramic microchannel substrates

3.2.2 Aluminum nitride manifold-microchannel cooling

3.2.3 Package integrated MEMS manifold microchannel cooler

3.3 Two-phase cooling

3.3.1 Enhanced cooling with internally-grooved tubes

3.3.1.1 Literature review

3.3.1.2 Experimental setup and flow visualization technique

3.3.1.3 Model development and validation

3.3.1.4 Cold plate design and testing

3.4 Thermal ground plane (TGP) heat spreaders

3.5 Transient thermal mitigation and phase change materials

3.5.1 High-rate transient heat transfer and power electronics challenges

3.5.2 Engineered thermal capacity – phase change material thermal buffering

3.5.2.1 Phase change materials, selection considerations

3.5.2.2 Non-ideal phase change - supercooling

3.5.2.3 PCM substrate integrated package design

3.5.2.4 PCM direct device cooling

3.5.3 Conclusion –transient thermal management of electronic packages

3.6 Multi-functional packaging design

3.7 ParaPower tool

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

24

Multi-Channel, Constant-Current Power Source for Aircraft Applications

1. Introduction

2. PDU topology

Summary

References

25

Simulation Study of Switching-Dependent Device Parameters of High Voltage 4H-SiC GTOs

1. Introduction

2. SiC SGTO device design

3. Mixed-mode simulation analysis

Summary

References

26

A Compact 100-A, 850-V, Silicon Carbide Solid-State DC Circuit Breaker

1. Introduction

2. Device topology

3. Power module design

4. Controller design

5. Pulsed current test circuits

6. SSCB trip response

Summary

References

27

Performance of a 1-kV, Silicon Carbide Avalanche Breakdown Diode

1. Introduction

2. SiC ABD applications and designs

3. SiC ABD evaluation and results

4. Transient thermal response

Summary

References

28

Large Chip Area SiC PiN Diodes Demonstrated for Thyristor Protection in a Pulsed System

1. Introduction

2. High voltage SiC PiN

3. Evaluation

Summary

References

29

Study of the Turn-on of Various High-Voltage SiC Thyristors

1. Introduction

2. Device evaluation

3. Minimum turn-on delay

4. Turn-on propagation

5. Peak dI/dt under fast turn-on condition

Summary

References

30

Evaluation of High-Voltage, High-Power 4H-SiC Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors

1. Introduction

2. High Voltage IGBT Structure

3. Evaluation Circuits

Summary

References

31

Electro-Thermal TCAD Model for 22 kV Silicon Carbide IGBTs

1. Introduction

2. Method

3. Steady-state and transient results

Summary

References

32

Development of a Compact 2-kW, 28- to 600-V DC-DC Battery Charger

1. Introduction

2. Converter design

3. Experimental results

Summary

References

back_matter

Keyword Index

About the Editors