Organic Pollutants in Wastewater I - Methods of Analysis, Removal and Treatment

frontpages

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Features of magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE)

2.1 Magnetic sorbent materials

2.2 Synthesis and characterization of magnetic sorbents

3. Overview of magnetically responsive bio-sorbents

3.1 Mechanism of magnetic biomaterial modifications

3.1.1 Magnetic fluid modification

3.1.2 Microwave aided magnetic modification

3.1.3 Mechano-chemical magnetic modification

4. Application of magnetically responsive bio-sorbents

4.1 Magnetically responsive biopolymer

4.2 Magnetically responsive plant derivatives

4.3 Magnetically responsive microalgae

4.4 Magnetically responsive activated carbons

4.5 Magnetically responsive microbial cells

5. Conclusions and future outlook

References

2

1. Introduction

2. Material and methods

2.1 Chemical and reagents

2.2 Treatment process

2.3 Analytical procedures

2.4 Statistical analysis

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Effect of pH

3.2 Effect of contact time

3.3 Effect of Fe+2 dose

3.4 Effect of H2O2 concentration

3.5 Effect of initial dye concentration

3.6 Effect of temperature

3.7 Effect of UV radiation

4. Kinetic modeling

5. Degradation, water quality and cytotoxicity of effluents

6. Conclusions

References

3

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

2.1 X-Ray diffraction

2.2 X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy

2.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

2.4 UV –Visible spectroscopy

2.5 Photocatalytic activity

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

4

1. Introduction

1.1. Use of raw biomass as biosorbents

1.2 Mechanism of biosorption

2. Physicochemically treated biomass and their adsorption characteristics

3. Use of charred biomass

3.1 Production of biochar

3.2 Characteristics of biochar for adsorption

4. Conclusion

References

5

1. Introduction to carbon quantum dots

2. Structure of carbon quantum dots

3. Synthesis of carbon quantum dots

3.1 Top-down approach

3.1.1 Electrochemical method

3.2 Bottom-up approach

3.2.1 Hydrothermal method

3.2.2 Microwave method

3.3 Synthetic methods

4. Properties of carbon quantum dots

4.1 Optical

4.2 Biologically compatible

5. Applications of carbon quantum dots

5.1 Chemical sensing

5.2 Photocatalysis

5.3 Bioimaging

5.4 Drug delivery

6. Degradation of organic pollutants using carbon quantum dot based composites

7. Conclusions

References

6

1. Introduction

2. Methods of determination of Phenols

2.1 Physical methods

2.1.1 Solvent extraction

2.1.2 Liquid-liquid extraction

2.1.3 Three Phase Liquid System

2.1.4 Pervaporation

2.1.5 Membrane filtration

2.1.5.1 Reverse osmosis separation methods

2.1.5.2 Ultrafiltration

2.1.5.3 Nanofiltration

2.1.6 Adsorption

2.1.7 Cloud point extraction method

2.2 Chemical methods

2.2.1 Advanced oxidation process

2.2.2 Air oxidation

2.2.3 Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol

2.2.4 Photodecomposition

2.2.5 Coupled ultrasound and Fenton’s reagent

2.2.6 Three phase electrode system

2.3 Biological Methods

2.3.1 Enzymatic degradation

2.3.2 Microbial degradation

3. Conclusions

References

7

1. Introduction

1.1 Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)

1.2 Principle of heterogeneous photocatalysis

1.3 Semiconductor photocatalysts for water splitting

1.4 Applications of semiconductor photocatalysts

1.5 Modified TiO2 photocatalysts

1.6 Application of modified TiO2 photocatalysts

1.6.1 Metal loaded TiO2

1.6.2 Non-metal loaded TiO2

1.6.3 Metal halide loaded TiO2

1.7 Bismuth-based photocatalysts:

1.7.1 BiOBr Semiconductors

1.7.2 Bi2S3 semiconductors

Conclusions

References

8

1. Introduction

2. Features of oxide semiconductors for photocatalysis

3. Zinc oxide nanomaterials as photocatalyst

4. Titanium oxide nanomaterials as photocatalyst

5. Iron oxide nanomaterials as photocatalyst

6. Cerium oxide nanomaterials as photocatalyst

7. Conclusions

References

9

1. Introduction

2. Photocatalytic ZnO/graphene composites

2.1 ZnO/graphene composites

2.2 ZnO/reduced graphene oxide composites

3. Photocatalytic ZnO/carbon nanotube based semiconductor composites

4. Photocatalytic ZnO-silica, alumina, zeolite and clay based composites

5. Photocatalytic ZnO-luminescent agent based composites

6. Photocatalytic ZnO-transition metals, rare earth metals, and non-metals based composites

6.1 Transition metals-doped ZnO composites

6.2 Rare earth metals-doped ZnO composites

6.3 Non-metals-doped ZnO composites

7. Conclusion

References

10

1. Introduction

2. Heterogeneous photocatalysis

2.1 Titanium dioxide as photocatalyst

2.2 Electronic structure of TiO2

2.3 Physical properties of TiO2

2.4 Mechanism of TiO2 assisted heterogeneous photocatalysis

2.5 Modification of TiO2 photocatalysts

2.6 Nanocomposites and their classification

3. TiO2 based nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants

3.1 Organic Polymer based TiO2 nanocomposites for degradation of organic pollutants

3.2 Inorganic Polymer based TiO2 nanocomposites for degradation of organic pollutants

3.3 Metal oxide-based TiO2 nanocomposites for degradation of organic pollutants

3.4 Noble metal/ carbon-based TiO2 nanocomposites for degradation of organic pollutants

Conclusions

References

11

1. Introduction

2. Industrial pollutants and their impact on water

3. Treatment technologies

4. Agro industrial wastewater

4.1 Olive mill wastewater

3.2 Palm oil mill wastewater

3.3 Dairy industry

3.4 Tomato-processing wastewater

3.5 Fish-processing wastewater

3.6 Distillery wastewater

3.7 Molasses spent wash

3.8 Winery wastewater

Conclusions

References

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