Electrochemical Capacitors - Theory, Materials and Applications

Cover

Front Matter

Table of Contents

Theory, Fundamentals and Application of Supercapacitors

1. Introduction

2. Energy needs and energy storage devices

3. Breakthrough in supercapacitor research

4. Energy storage principles: EDLC Vs pseudocapacitance

5. Design of Supercapacitor

5.1 Electrode materials

5.1.1 Carbon and allied materials

5.1.2 Conducting polymers

5.1.3 Metal oxides

5.1.4 Hybrid electrode

5.1.5 Mixed metal oxide electrodes

5.2 Electrolyte

5.2.1 Aqueous electrolytes

5.2.2 Organic electrolytes

5.2.3 Ionic liquid electrolytes

5.3 Separator

5.4 Different analytical techniques used for the analysis of supercapacitors

5.4.1 Cyclic voltammetry (CV)

5.4.2 Chronopotentiometry

5.4.3 Power density (P) and energy density (E)

Conclusions

References

Metal Oxides/Hydroxides Composite Electrodes for

1. Introduction

2. Classification of supercapacitors

2.1 Electric double-layer capacitors

2.2 Pseudocapacitors

2.3 Hybrid capacitors

2.3.1 Composite

2.3.2 Asymmetric hybrids

2.3.3 Battery type

3. Advantages and challenges of supercapacitors

3.1 High power density

3.2 Long cycle life

3.3 Long shelf life

3.4 Wide range of operating temperature

3.5 High efficiency

4. Disadvantages of supercapacitors

4.1 Low energy density

4.2 High cost

4.3 High self-discharging rate

4.4 Industrial standards for commercialization

5. Electrode materials for supercapacitors

6. Strategies to enhance the performance of supercapacitor

7. Factors affecting the performance of metal oxides/hydroxide based supercapacitor electrodes

7.1 Crystallinity

7.2 Crystal structure

7.3 Specific surface area

7.4 Particle size

7.5 Morphology

7.6 Electrical conductivity

7.7 Electrode mass loading

8. Metal oxide/hydroxides based supercapacitor electrodes

8.1 Ruthenium oxide based supercapacitors

8.1.1 Ruthenium oxide based composites

8.1.1.1 Ruthenium oxide /Carbon based composites

8.1.1.2 Ruthenium oxide /Polymer composites

8.2 Manganese Oxide based supercapacitors

8.2.1 Challenges for manganese oxide electrodes

8.2.1.1 Dissolution problem

8.2.1.2. Poor electrical conductivity and low surface area

8.2.2 Manganese oxide based composites

8.2.3 Manganese Oxide /Polymer composites

8.3 Nickel oxide based supercapacitors

8.4 Cobalt oxides/hydroxides based supercapacitors

8.5 Other metal oxides/hydroxides

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Activated Carbon/Transition Metal Oxides Thin Films for

1. Introduction

2. Activated carbon

3. Hybrid supercapacitor

3.1 The behavior of various metal oxides with AC

3.1.1 Ruthenium oxide

3.1.2 Manganese oxide

3.1.3 Nickel oxide

3.1.4 Cobalt hydroxide

3.1.5 Vanadium oxide

3.1.6 Graphene oxide

Conclusion

References

Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis of 2D-Functionalized

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

2.1 Formation of functionalized graphene oxide@ PEDOT composites

2.2 Instrumentation

3. Results and discussion

Conclusions

References

Advanced Supercapacitors for Alternating Current

1. Introduction

2. Macro-Supercapacitors or Supercapacitors for ac line filtering

3. Micro-supercapacitors for ac line filtering

4. Flexible-supercapacitors for ac line filtering

5. Printable supercapacitors for ac line filtering

6 Conclusion and perspectives

References

High-Performance Polymer Type Capacitors

1. Introduction

1.1 Electrochemical capacitors (Supercapacitor)

1.2 High-performance polymers (HPP) [ ]

2. HPP Type separators/electrolytes/substrates in supercapacitors

2.1 Fluorinated type polymers and their composites

2.2 Nonfluorinated polymers and their composites

2.2.1 Polyimides with inorganics

2.2.2 Polyimide (PI)/Al2O2 applications

2.2.3 Polyimide (PI)/SiO2applications

2.2.4 Polyimide (PI)/barium titanate (BaTiO3) applications

2.2.5 Polyimide (PI)/Cupper (Cu) based applications

2.2.6 Polyimide/ SnO2applications

2.2.7 Polyimide/Zr based applications

2.2.8 Polyimide/TiC, TiO2 applications

2.2.9 Polyimide/carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers

2.2.10 Polyimides/other inorganic ingredients

2.2.11 Other Nonfluorinated Polymers and their inorganic composites

2.3 Fluorinated and nonfluorinated polymers and their composites

2.4 Polyarylene ethers and their composites

2.5 Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based applications

2.6 Carbohydrate polymers

3. Challenges and future directions

Conclusions

References

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Supercapacitors Electrode Materials

1. Introduction

2. Supercapacitor

2.1 Types of supercapacitors

2.2 Evaluation of supercapacitor performance

2.3 Challenges to supercapacitors

2.4 Applications of supercapacitors

3. Hydrothermal Method

3.1 What is hydrothermal technique?

3.2 Carbonaceous materials

3.3 Metal oxides/hydroxides

3.3 Composites

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Electrochemical Super Capacitors Fabricated by the

1. Introduction

1.1 Principle of supercapacitors

1.2 Layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) techniques

1.2.1 Dip assisted, spin assisted and spray assisted

2. Appropriate materials for supercapacitors

2.1 Graphene and graphene oxide (GO)

2.2 Polyaniline (PANI)

2.3 Metal hydroxides-cobalt based capacitors

2.4 CNT

2.5 Metal oxides

2.6 Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)

2.7 Conducting polymers

2.8 Hybrid materials

3. Supercapacitors fabricated by LbL assembly

3.1 Reduced GO-PANI composite

3.2 GO-propylpyridinium silsesquioxane chloride polymer

3.3 Reduced GO-MnO2 nano?owers

3.4 Reduced GO-CNFs- PANI

3.5 Reduced GO-MnO2-SILAR method

3.6 Reduced GO-magnetite

3.7 Polymer film

Conclusion

References

Graphene-based Composites: Present, Past and Future for Supercapacitors

1. Introduction and background

2. Graphite, graphite oxide and graphene

3. Graphene-based composites for supercapacitors

3.1 Energy applications

3.2 Past, present, and future

4. Conclusion

References

Keyword Index

About the Editors