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A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform - Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan
Acknowledgments
6
Contents
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Chapter 1: Introduction: Long-Run Consequences of Electoral Rules Change: Comparing Italy and Japan
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Origins of Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan
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Italy (1947–1993)
14
Japan (1947–1994)
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Continuing the Process of Reform?
16
Changes in the Electoral Rules in Italy and Japan
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Electoral Reform in Italy, 1993
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Electoral Reform in Italy, 2005
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Electoral Reform in Japan, 1994
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Expected Impact and Actual Consequences of Electoral System Change in Italy and Japan
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Overview of the Chapters
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Sec11_1
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Chapter 2: Party Competition Under New Electoral Rules in Italy and Japan, 1994–2009
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Introduction
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Outlining Electoral System Changes in Italy and Japan
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Comparing the 1993 and 2005 Electoral Reforms in Italy
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Electoral System Choice
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Preelectoral Coalitions Under the 1993 and 2005 Electoral Laws
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Differences in Rules for Electing the Chamber and the Senate
27
The 1994 Electoral Reform in Japan
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Party Competition Under the New Electoral Rules in Italy and Japan
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Formation of Preelectoral Coalitions in Italy
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Strategic Adjustments by Japanese Parties and Formation of Post-electoral Coalitions
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Electoral Outcomes and Government Formation in Italy and Japan, 1994–2009
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Five Italian Elections (1994–2008): Bipolarism, Party System Fragmentation, and Alternating Governments
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Five Japanese Elections (1996–2009): Steps Toward Bipartisanship
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Concluding Remarks: Similarities and Differences
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Chapter 3: The Changing Bases of Party Support in Italy and Japan: Similarities and Differences
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Introduction
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Change in Party Dominance
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The DC Party in Italy: From Dominance to Dissolution
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The LDP Party in Japan: From Dominance to Historical Defeat
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Change in Sociodemographic Support Base of the Parties
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Italy: Change in Structural Bases of Electoral Support for the Parties
50
Japan: Change in Structural Bases of Electoral Supportfor the Parties
52
Change in Geographic Support Base of the Parties
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Political Regions in Italy
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Urban Versus Rural Areas in Japan
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Change in the Ideological Structure of Party Competition
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The Policy Space in Italy
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The Policy Space in Japan
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Conclusion
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Chapter 4: Nominating Candidates Under New Rules in Italy and Japan: You Cannot Bargain with Resources You Do Not Have
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Introduction
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SMD Nominations in Italy
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SMD Nominations in Japan
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Mobile Italian Candidates, Immobile Japanese Candidates
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Was the Devil in the Details or in the Context?
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Details That Might Contain a Devil
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Electoral Systems, Political Context, and History
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Chapter 5: Electoral Reform and Factional Politics in Italy and Japan
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Introduction
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From Factions to Parties: Electoral Reform and the Birth of Post-DC Parties in Italy
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Post-DC Parties and Electoral Competition
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Post-DC Parties in Government
90
Post-DC Parties Today
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Japanese Electoral Reform and the Fate of LDP Factions
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Leadership Selection: Choosing the LDP President
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Cabinet Appointments
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Factional Affiliation Decisions
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LDP Factions Today
97
Conclusion
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Chapter 6: Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan: Unanticipated Outcomes?
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Introduction
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Popular Discontent with the Previous Systems
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Reform
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What Happened After Reform?
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Why the “Unanticipated” Outcomes?
109
Treating as “Proximal” Effects Dependent Variables that Are “Distal” Effects of Electoral Rules
109
The Reform Process
114
Insufficient Attention to Less-High-Profile Rules
115
Electoral Systems Are Not Sufficient Explanation
115
Competitive Context
117
Conclusion
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Appendix A: Electoral Rules
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Appendix B: Votes and Seats
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Appendix C: Italian and Japanese Governments
141
Appendix D: Party Acronyms
145
Appendix E: Glossary of Electoral System Terms
147
About the Editors
154
About the Authors
155
References
157
Author Index
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Subject Index
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