Suchen und Finden
A-Z of Neurological Practice - A Guide to Clinical Neurology
von: Andrew J. Larner, Alasdair J Coles, Neil J. Scolding, Roger A Barker
Springer-Verlag, 2011
ISBN: 9781848829947 , 814 Seiten
2. Auflage
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 53,49 EUR
A-Z of Neurological Practice
3
Copyright Page
4
Preface to the Second Edition
5
A
7
Abetalipoproteinemia [OMIM#200100]
7
Clinical features
7
Investigation
8
Differential diagnosis
8
Treatment and prognosis
8
Abscess: overview
9
Acanthamoeba
10
Aceruloplasminemia [OMIM#604290]
11
Achondroplasia [OMIM#100800]
11
Acromegaly
12
Actinomycosis
12
Action myoclonus–renal failure syndrome (AMRF) [OMIM#254900]
13
Clinical features
13
Investigation
13
Differential diagnosis
13
Treatment and prognosis
14
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
14
Clinical features
14
Investigation
15
Differential diagnosis
15
Treatment and prognosis
16
Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) [OMIM#300100]
16
Clinical features
17
Investigation
17
Differential diagnosis
18
Treatment and prognosis
18
Albers–Schönberg disease
19
Alcohol and the nervous system: overview
19
Clinical features
19
Treatment and prognosis
21
Alexander’s disease [OMIM#203450]
22
Clinical features
22
Investigation
22
Differential diagnosis
22
Treatment and prognosis
23
Altitude illness
23
Clinical features
23
Treatment and prognosis
24
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
24
Clinical features
25
Investigation
27
Differential diagnosis
28
Treatment and prognosis
28
Aminoacidopathies: overview
29
Investigation
30
Amoebic infection: overview
31
Amyloid diseases: overview
31
Andersen–Tawil syndrome [OMIM#170390]
32
Aneurysm: overview
32
Clinical features
33
Investigation
33
Treatment and prognosis
34
Angelman syndrome [OMIM#105830]
34
Clinical features
34
Investigation
35
Differential diagnosis
35
Treatment and prognosis
35
Angiostrongyliasis
35
Ankylosing spondylitis
36
Clinical features
36
Investigation
37
Differential diagnosis
37
Treatment and prognosis
37
Anterior choroidal artery infarction
38
Anterior interosseous neuropathy
38
Anterior spinal artery syndrome (ASAS)
39
Clinical features
40
Investigation
40
Treatment and prognosis
40
Anthrax
40
Clinical features
40
Investigation
41
Differential diagnosis
41
Treatment and prognosis
41
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
41
Clinical features
42
Investigation
42
Differential diagnosis
42
Treatment and prognosis
43
Anton–Babinski syndrome
43
Arachnoid cyst
43
Clinical features
44
Investigation
44
Differential diagnosis
44
Treatment and prognosis
44
Arachnoiditis
44
Clinical features
45
Investigation
45
Differential diagnosis
46
Treatment and prognosis
46
Arbovirus disease: overview
46
Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD)
47
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)
47
Clinical features
47
Investigation
48
Differential diagnosis
48
Treatment and prognosis
48
Aseptic meningitis: overview
49
Aspergillosis
49
Astrocytoma
50
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) [OMIM#208900]
50
Clinical features
51
Investigation
51
Differential diagnosis
52
Treatment and prognosis
52
Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency (AVED) [OMIM#277460]
52
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (AOA)
53
Atlantoaxial dislocation, subluxation
54
Atypical facial pain
54
Atypical pneumonias: overview
54
Autonomic failure: overview
55
Clinical features
56
Investigation
56
Treatment and prognosis
57
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA): overview
58
Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) [OMIM#600513, #605375]
59
Clinical features
60
Investigation
60
Differential diagnosis
60
Treatment and prognosis
60
B
61
Balò’s concentric sclerosis
61
Barth syndrome
61
Bartonellosis
62
Basal ganglia calcification: overview
62
Basedow’s paraplegia
63
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) [OMIM#300376]
64
Behçet’s disease
64
Clinical features
65
Investigation
65
Differential diagnosis
66
Treatment and prognosis
66
Diagnostic criteria
67
Reference
67
Behr syndrome
67
Bell’s palsy
68
Clinical features
68
Investigation
69
Differential diagnosis
69
Treatment and prognosis
69
Belly dancer’s dyskinesia
70
Benign epilepsy syndromes: overview
71
Benign hereditary chorea (BHC) [OMIM#118700]
71
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
72
Clinical features
72
Investigation
73
Differential diagnosis
73
Treatment and prognosis
73
Beriberi
74
Clinical features
74
Investigation
75
Differential diagnosis
75
Treatment and prognosis
75
Bethlem myopathy [OMIM#158810]
76
Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE)
76
Clinical features
77
Investigation
77
Differential diagnosis
77
Treatment and prognosis
77
Bing–Neel syndrome
78
Binswanger’s disease
78
Clinical features
79
Investigation
79
Differential diagnosis
79
Treatment and prognosis
80
Blastomycosis
80
Blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome
80
Botulism
81
Clinical features
81
Investigation
82
Differential diagnosis
82
Treatment and prognosis
82
Boucher–Neuhauser syndrome
83
Brachial plexopathy: overview
83
Clinical features
84
Investigation
84
Differential diagnosis
85
Treatment and prognosis
85
Brain death
85
Clinical features
86
Investigation
87
Differential diagnosis
87
Treatment and prognosis
87
Brain stem vascular syndromes: overview
87
Brody disease [OMIM#601003]
90
Brown’s syndrome
91
Brown–Vialetto–van Laere syndrome
91
Burning mouth syndrome
92
C
93
CADASIL
93
Clinical features
93
Investigation
93
Differential diagnosis
94
Treatment and prognosis
94
Caisson disease
94
Camptocormia
95
Camptodactyly
95
Clinical features
95
Investigation
96
Differential diagnosis
96
Treatment and prognosis
96
Candidiasis
96
CANOMAD
96
Capsular warning syndrome
97
Carbon monoxide poisoning
97
Carnitine palmit(o)yltransferase (CPT) deficiency
98
Clinical features
99
Investigation
99
Differential diagnosis
99
Treatment and prognosis
99
Carotid artery disease: overview
100
Clinical features
100
Investigation
100
Differential diagnosis
101
Treatment and prognosis
101
Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF)
101
Clinical features
102
Investigation
102
Differential diagnosis
102
Treatment and prognosis
102
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
102
Clinical features
103
Investigation
104
Differential diagnosis
104
Treatment and prognosis
104
Cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome: overview
104
Clinical features
105
Investigation
105
Differential diagnosis
105
Treatment and prognosis
106
Cavernoma, cavernous hemagioma [OMIM#116860]
106
Cavernous sinus disease
107
Clinical features
107
Investigation
108
Differential diagnosis
108
Treatment and prognosis
108
Cayman disease
109
Central core disease [OMIM#117000]
109
Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis (CPEPM)
110
Clinical features
110
Investigation
111
Differential diagnosis
111
Treatment and prognosis
111
Cerebellar disease: overview
112
Clinical features
114
Investigation
115
Cerebellopontine angle syndrome
116
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)
116
Clinical features
117
Investigation
117
Differential diagnosis
117
Treatment and prognosis
117
Cerebral palsy (CP)
118
Clinical features
118
Investigation
118
Differential diagnosis
119
Treatment and prognosis
120
Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) syndrome
120
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) [OMIM#213700]
121
Clinical features
121
Investigation
122
Treatment and prognosis
122
Cervical cord and root disease: overview
122
Clinical features
123
Investigation
125
Differential diagnosis
125
Treatment and prognosis
125
Cervical dystonia
126
Clinical features
126
Investigation
126
Differential diagnosis
126
Treatment and prognosis
127
Channelopathies: overview
127
Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease
128
Clinical features
130
Investigation
130
Differential diagnosis
130
Treatment and prognosis
131
Charlevoix–Saguenay syndrome [OMIM#270550]
131
Cheiralgia paresthetica
131
Cheiro-oral syndrome
132
Chemotherapy-induced neurological disorders
132
Clinical features
132
Investigation
133
Differential diagnosis
133
Treatment and prognosis
133
Chiari malformations
133
Clinical features
134
Investigation
134
Differential diagnosis
134
Treatment and prognosis
135
Cholesteatoma
135
Cholesterol embolization syndrome
136
Chordoma
136
Choriocarcinoma
137
Choroid plexus papilloma
137
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)
137
Clinical features
137
Investigation
138
Differential diagnosis
139
Treatment and prognosis
139
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
140
Clinical features
140
Investigation
140
Differential diagnosis
141
Treatment and prognosis
141
Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION)
141
Churg–Strauss syndrome
142
Ciguatera
142
Cluster headache (CH)
143
Clinical features
143
Investigation
144
Differential diagnosis
144
Treatment and prognosis
144
Coarctation of the aorta
145
Cobb syndrome
146
Cocaine
146
Coccidioidomycosis
146
Coeliac disease
147
Coenurosis
148
Cogan syndrome (1)
148
Cogan syndrome (2)
149
Collagen vascular disorders and the nervous system: overview
149
Colloid cyst
150
Coma: overview
150
Clinical features
151
Investigation
151
Differential diagnosis
151
Treatment and prognosis
151
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
152
Compartment syndromes
152
Complex regional pain syndromes
153
Sec144_3
153
Clinical features
153
Investigation
153
Differential diagnosis
153
Treatment and prognosis
153
Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs): overview
154
Congenital insensitivity to pain
155
Congenital muscle and neuromuscular disorders: overview
155
Congenital muscular dystrophies: overview
156
Congenital myasthenic syndromes: overview
157
Investigation
157
Differential diagnosis
158
Treatment and prognosis
158
Copper deficiency-associated myeloneuropathy
158
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD)
159
Clinical features
159
Investigation
160
Differential diagnosis
160
Treatment and prognosis
160
Cough headache
161
Cramp fasciculation syndrome
162
Cranial polyneuropathy
162
Investigation
163
Craniopharyngioma
163
Clinical features
163
Investigation
164
Differential diagnosis
164
Treatment and prognosis
164
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD)
164
Clinical features
164
Investigation
165
Differential diagnosis
166
Treatment and prognosis
166
Critical illness myopathy, critical illness polyneuropathy
166
Cryoglobulinemia, cryoglobulinemic neuropathy
167
Cryptococcosis
167
Clinical features
168
Investigation
168
Differential diagnosis
168
Treatment and prognosis
168
Cubital tunnel syndrome
169
Clinical features
169
Investigation
169
Treatment and prognosis
169
Cyanide poisoning
169
Cysts: overview
170
Investigations
170
Differential diagnosis
170
Treatment and prognosis
171
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection: overview
171
D
172
Dandy–Walker syndrome
172
Danon disease [OMIM#300257]
172
Dawidenkow syndrome
173
Deafferentation pain syndrome
173
Degos Disease
173
Déjerine–Mouzon syndrome
174
Déjerine–Roussy syndrome
174
Déjerine–Sottas syndrome (DSS) [OMIM#145900]
175
Delirium: overview
175
Clinical features
177
Investigation
177
Differential diagnosis
177
Treatment and prognosis
178
Dementia: overview
178
Clinical features
181
Investigation
181
Differential diagnosis
182
Treatment and prognosis
182
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)
182
Clinical features
183
Investigation
183
Differential diagnosis
184
Treatment and prognosis
184
Dementia pugilistica
184
Demyelinating diseases of the nervous system: overview
185
Dengue
186
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) [OMIM#125370]
186
Clinical features
187
Investigation
187
Differential diagnosis
187
Treatment and prognosis
187
Dermatomyositis
188
Clinical features
188
Investigation
189
Differential diagnosis
190
Treatment and prognosis
190
Dermoid
190
Desmin-related myopathy [OMIM#601419]
191
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
191
Diabetes mellitus and the nervous system: overview
192
Clinical features
192
Investigation
194
Treatment and prognosis
194
Dialysis syndromes
195
Diaphragmatic flutter
196
Diastematomyelia
196
Diogenes syndrome
197
Diphtheria
197
Clinical features
198
Investigation
198
Differential diagnosis
199
Treatment and prognosis
199
Diphyllobothriasis
199
Discitis
199
Disconnection syndromes
200
Clinical features
200
Investigation
201
Treatment and prognosis
201
Dissection: overview
201
Clinical features
202
Investigation
202
Differential diagnosis
202
Treatment and prognosis
202
Distal myopathy: overview
203
Dolichoectasia
204
Dopamine-b-hydroxylase deficiency [OMIM#223360]
204
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) [OMIM#128230]
205
Clinical features
205
Investigation
205
Differential diagnosis
205
Treatment and prognosis
206
Down syndrome [OMIM#190685]
206
Dracunculiasis
207
Drop attacks: overview
207
Investigation
209
Treatment and prognosis
209
Dropped head syndrome
209
Duane’s syndrome
210
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) [OMIM#310200]
210
Clinical features
211
Investigation
211
Differential diagnosis
211
Treatment and prognosis
211
Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF)
212
Clinical features
212
Investigation
212
Differential diagnosis
213
Treatment and prognosis
213
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET)
213
Dysferlinopathy
214
Dystonia: overview
214
Investigation
219
Differential diagnosis
220
Treatment and prognosis
220
Treatment and prognosis
220
Dystrophinopathy
222
E
223
Eating disorders
223
Echinococcosis
224
Eclampsia
224
Clinical features
225
Investigation
225
Differential diagnosis
225
Treatment and prognosis
225
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
226
Ehrlichiosis
226
Eighteen q deletion syndrome [OMIM#601808]
227
Electrical injuries and the nervous system
227
Elsberg syndrome
228
Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD)
229
Clinical features
229
Investigation
229
Differential diagnosis
230
Treatment and prognosis
230
Empty sella syndrome
230
Encephalitis: overview
231
Clinical features
232
Investigation
233
Differential diagnosis
233
Treatment and prognosis
234
Encephalitis lethargica
234
Encephalopathies: overview
235
Clinical features
236
Investigation
236
Differential diagnosis
236
Treatment and prognosis
236
Endocarditis: overview
237
Clinical features
237
Investigation
238
Differential diagnosis
238
Treatment and prognosis
238
Endocrine disorders and neurology: overview
239
Entrapment neuropathies: overview
241
Investigation
242
Differential diagnosis
242
Treatment and prognosis
242
Eosinophilic syndromes: overview
243
Ependymoma
244
Clinical features
244
Investigation
245
Differential diagnosis
245
Treatment and prognosis
245
Epidermoid
245
Epilepsy: overview
246
Clinical features
247
Investigation
247
Differential diagnosis
248
Treatment and prognosis
248
Episodic ataxias
249
Clinical features
249
Investigation
250
Differential diagnosis
250
Treatment and prognosis
250
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and the nervous system: overview
250
Erb’s palsy, Erb-Duchenne palsy
251
Erdheim-Chester disease
251
Essential tremor (ET)
252
Clinical features
252
Investigation
253
Differential diagnosis
253
Treatment and prognosis
253
Exploding head syndrome
254
F
255
Fabry’s disease [OMIM#301500]
255
Clinical features
255
Investigation
256
Differential diagnosis
257
Treatment and prognosis
257
Facial pain: overview
257
Clinical features
258
Investigation
258
Facioscapulohumeral (FSH) muscular dystrophy [OMIM#158900]
258
Clinical features
259
Investigation
259
Differential diagnosis
259
Treatment and prognosis
260
Fahr’s disease
260
Familial amyloid polyneuropathies (FAP)
261
Clinical features
261
Investigation
261
Differential diagnosis
262
Treatment and prognosis
262
Familial British dementia (FBD) [OMIM#176500]
262
Clinical features
262
Investigations
263
Differential diagnosis
263
Treatment and prognosis
263
Familial Danish dementia (FDD) [OMIM#117300]
263
Familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB) [OMIM#604218]
264
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) [OMIM#249100]
264
Familial periventricular heterotopia [OMIM#300049]
265
Fat embolism syndrome (FES)
265
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) [OMIM#600072]
266
Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD): overview
266
Clinical features
267
Investigation
267
Differential diagnosis
267
Treatment and prognosis
268
Febrile seizures
268
Clinical features
268
Investigation
269
Differential diagnosis
269
Treatment and prognosis
269
Femoral neuropathy
269
Clinical features
269
Investigation
270
Differential diagnosis
270
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)
270
Clinical features
270
Investigation
270
Differential diagnosis
271
Treatment and prognosis
271
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
271
Fibrous dysplasia
272
Filariasis
272
Focal retrograde amnesia
272
Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
272
Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome
273
Foot drop: overview
273
Clinical features
274
Investigation
275
Differential diagnosis
275
Treatment and prognosis
275
Foramen magnum syndrome
275
Clinical features
276
Investigation
276
Treatment and prognosis
277
Fotopoulos syndrome
277
Fowler’s syndrome
277
Fragile X syndromes (FRAX, FRAXE) [OMIM#300624; #309548];2781.8.28
Fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) [OMIM#300623]279
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) [OMIM#229300]
279
Clinical features
280
Investigation
280
Differential diagnosis
281
Treatment and prognosis
281
Froin’s syndrome
282
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)
282
Clinical features
283
Investigation
283
Differential diagnosis
283
Treatment and prognosis
283
Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) [OMIM#600274, #607485]
284
Fucosidosis [OMIM#230000]
285
G
287
Gait disorders: overview
287
Galloping tongue syndrome
289
Ganglioglioma
289
Gangliosidoses: overview
290
Clinical features
290
Investigation
291
Differential diagnosis
291
Treatment and prognosis
291
Garcin syndrome
292
Gardner’s syndrome
292
Gasperini’s syndrome
292
Gastrointestinal disease and the nervous system: overview
293
Clinical features
293
Treatment and prognosis
293
Gaucher’s disease
294
Clinical features
294
Investigation
295
Differential diagnosis
295
Treatment and prognosis
295
Gelastic epilepsy
296
Gelsolin amyloidosis [OMIM#105120]
296
Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) [OMIM#604233]
297
Geniculate neuralgia
297
Geniospasm
298
Genitofemoral neuropathy
298
Gerhardt syndrome
298
Germ cell tumors
298
Germinoma
299
Gerstmann syndrome
300
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease (GSS) [OMIM#137440]
300
Geschwind syndrome
300
Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) [OMIM#256850]
301
Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
301
Clinical features
302
Investigation
302
Differential diagnosis
303
Treatment and prognosis
303
Glioma
304
Clinical features
304
Investigation
304
Differential diagnosis
305
Treatment and prognosis
305
Gliomatosis cerebri
306
Glomus jugulare tumor
306
Clinical features
306
Investigation
307
Differential diagnosis
307
Treatment and prognosis
307
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
307
Glutaric acidurias
308
Clinical features
308
Investigation
309
Differential diagnosis
309
Treatment and prognosis
309
Glycogen storage disorders: overview
310
Gnathostomiasis
312
Godot syndrome
312
Godtfredsen’s syndrome
313
Gonyalgia paresthetica
313
Gourmand syndrome
313
Gradenigo’s syndrome
314
Grisel syndrome
314
Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis parkinsonism–dementia complex (ALS/PDC)
314
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
315
Clinical features
316
Investigation
317
Differential diagnosis
317
Treatment and prognosis
318
H
319
Hematoma: overview
319
Hemochromatosis
319
Harding’s syndrome
320
HARP syndrome [OMIM#607236]
320
Hashimoto’s encephalopathy
321
Headache: overview
321
Clinical features
322
Investigation
323
Treatment and prognosis
323
Heatstroke
323
Heavy metal poisoning: overview
324
Helminthic diseases: overview
325
Hemifacial spasm (HFS)
325
Clinical features
326
Investigation
326
Differential diagnosis
326
Treatment and prognosis
326
Hepatic encephalopathy
327
Portal-systemic encephalopathy
327
Clinical features
327
Investigation
327
Differential diagnosis
327
Treatment and prognosis
328
Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) [OMIM#229600]
328
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) [OMIM#187300]
329
Familial telangiectasia, Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome
329
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN)
329
Clinical features
330
Investigation
330
Differential diagnosis
330
Treatment and prognosis
330
Hereditary motor neuropathy (HMN)
331
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNLPP) [OMIM#162500]
332
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN)
332
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP)
333
Clinical features
335
Investigation
336
Differential diagnosis
336
Treatment and prognosis
336
HERNS
336
Heroin
337
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE)
337
Clinical features
338
Investigation
338
Differential diagnosis
339
Treatment and prognosis
339
Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia
340
Clinical features
340
Investigation
340
Differential diagnosis
341
Treatment and prognosis
341
Heterotopias
341
Histoplasmosis
342
HIV/AIDS: overview
342
Clinical features
342
Investigation
343
Differential diagnosis
343
Treatment and prognosis
344
Hoffman’s syndrome
344
Holmes–Adie syndrome
345
Homocystinuria [OMIM#236200]
345
Clinical features
345
Investigation
346
Differential diagnosis
346
Treatment and prognosis
346
Hopkins’ syndrome
347
HTLV-1 myelopathy
347
Clinical features
347
Investigation
347
Differential diagnosis
348
Treatment and prognosis
348
Huntington’s disease (HD) [OMIM#143100]
348
Clinical features
348
Investigation
349
Differential diagnosis
349
Treatment and prognosis
350
Hydrocephalus: overview
350
Clinical features
351
Investigation
351
Differential diagnosis
351
Treatment and prognosis
351
Hyperekplexia
352
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)
352
Hyperostosis cranialis interna
353
Hypertension and the nervous system: overview
353
Clinical features
354
Investigation
354
Treatment and prognosis
354
Hypnic headache
355
Hypobetalipoproteinemia
355
Hypothalamic disease: overview
356
Clinical features
356
Investigation
356
Treatment and prognosis
356
I
357
Idiopathic hyperCKemia
357
Idiopathic hypersomnia
357
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)
358
Clinical features
358
Investigation
359
Differential diagnosis
359
Treatment and prognosis
359
Ilioinguinal neuropathy
360
Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome
360
Inclusion body myositis (IBM)
361
Clinical features
361
Investigation
361
Differential diagnosis
361
Treatment and prognosis
362
Incontinentia pigmenti (achromians)
362
Intervertebral disc prolapse
363
Clinical features
363
Investigation
363
Differential diagnosis
364
Treatment and prognosis
364
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
364
Clinical features
365
Investigation
365
Differential diagnosis
365
Treatment and prognosis
366
Intravascular lymphoma
366
Clinical features
367
Investigation
367
Differential diagnosis
367
Treatment and prognosis
367
Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION)
368
Clinical features
368
Investigation
369
Differential diagnosis
369
Treatment and prognosis
369
J
370
Japanese encephalitis
370
Clinical features
370
Investigation
370
Differential diagnosis
371
Treatment and prognosis
371
Jeavons syndrome
371
Jugular foramen syndrome
372
Clinical features
372
Investigation
372
Differential diagnosis
373
Treatment and prognosis
373
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)
374
Clinical features
374
Investigation
374
Treatment and prognosis
374
K
375
Kallmann’s syndrome
375
Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS)
375
Clinical features
376
Investigation
376
Differential diagnosis
376
Treatment and prognosis
376
Kernohan’s syndrome
377
Kjellin’s syndrome
377
Kleine–Levin syndrome
378
Klippel–Feil anomaly
378
Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome
379
Klumpke’s palsy
379
Klüver–Bucy syndrome
379
Konzo
380
Krabbe’s disease [OMIM#245200]
381
Clinical features
381
Investigation
381
Differential diagnosis
381
Treatment and prognosis
382
Kufor-Rakeb disease [OMIM#606693]
382
Kufs’ disease
382
Clinical features
383
Investigation
383
Differential diagnosis
383
Treatment and prognosis
383
Kugelberg–Welander disease
384
Kuru
384
L
385
l-2-Hydroxyglutaric acidemia [OMIM#236792]
385
Lactic acidosis: overview
385
Lacunar syndromes (LACS)
386
Lafora body disease [OMIM#254780]
387
Laing myopathy [OMIM#160500]
388
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)
388
Clinical features
388
Investigation
389
Differential diagnosis
389
Treatment and prognosis
389
Lance–Adams syndrome
390
Landau–Kleffner syndrome
390
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)
391
Clinical features
391
Investigation
391
Differential diagnosis
391
Treatment and prognosis
392
Lathyrism
392
Lead and the nervous system: Overview
392
Clinical features
392
Investigation
393
Differential diagnosis
393
Treatment and prognosis
393
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
393
Clinical features
394
Investigation
394
Differential diagnosis
394
Treatment and prognosis
394
Legionnaires’ disease
394
Clinical features
394
Investigation
395
Differential diagnosis
395
Treatment and prognosis
395
Leigh’s syndrome
395
Clinical features
396
Investigation
396
Differential diagnosis
396
Treatment and prognosis
397
Lemierre’s syndrome
397
Lemieux–Neemeh syndrome
397
Leprosy
397
Clinical features
398
Investigation
398
Differential diagnosis
398
Treatment and prognosis
399
Leptospirosis
399
Lesch-Nyhan disease
399
Clinical features
400
Investigation
400
Differential diagnosis
400
Treatment and prognosis
400
Leucoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids (LENAS)
400
Leukodystrophies: overview
401
Differential diagnosis
401
Lewis Sumner syndrome
402
Lhermitte–Duclos disease
402
Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) [OMIM#161523]
403
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD): overview
403
Clinical features
406
Investigation
406
Differential diagnosis
406
Treatment and prognosis
406
Limbic encephalitis
406
Limb shaking
407
Locked-in syndrome
407
Clinical history
408
Investigation
408
Differential diagnosis
408
Treatment and prognosis
408
Long QT syndromes (LQTS)
409
Clinical features
410
Investigation
410
Differential diagnosis
410
Treatment and prognosis
410
Long thoracic nerve palsy
410
Low back pain: overview
411
Clinical features
411
Investigation
412
Differential diagnosis
412
Treatment and prognosis
412
Luft disease
413
Lumbar cord and root disease: overview
413
Clinical features
413
Investigation
414
Differential diagnosis
414
Treatment and prognosis
414
Lumbosacral plexopathies
415
Clinical features
415
Investigation
415
Differential diagnosis
416
Treatment and prognosis
416
Lymphocytic hypophysitis
416
Clinical features
416
Investigation
416
Differential diagnosis
417
Treatment and prognosis
417
Lymphoma
417
Clinical features
417
Investigation
418
Differential diagnosis
418
Treatment and prognosis
418
Lysosomal storage disorders: overview
419
M
421
Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) [OMIM#109150]
421
Malaria
421
Clinical features
422
Investigation
422
Differential diagnosis
422
Treatment and prognosis
422
Malignant hyperthermia [OMIM#145600]
423
Clinical features
423
Investigation
423
Differential diagnosis
424
Treatment and prognosis
424
Malingering
424
Manganese poisoning, manganism
424
Marburg disease
425
Marchiafava–Bignami syndrome
425
Marfan syndrome [OMIM#154700]
426
Clinical features
426
Investigation
426
Differential diagnosis
426
Treatment and prognosis
427
Marin-Amat syndrome
427
MASA syndrome [OMIM#303350]
427
Mast syndrome [OMIM#248900]
428
McArdle’s disease [OMIM#232600]
428
Clinical features
428
Investigation
429
Differential diagnosis
429
Treatment and prognosis
429
McLeod’s syndrome
429
Median neuropathy
430
Clinical features
430
Investigation
430
Differential diagnosis
431
Treatment and prognosis
431
Medication-overuse headache
431
Medulloblastoma
431
Meige’s syndrome
432
Clinical features
432
Investigation
432
Differential diagnosis
432
Treatment and prognosis
433
Melanoma
433
MELAS syndrome
433
Clinical features
433
Investigation
434
Differential diagnosis
434
Treatment and prognosis
434
Melioidosis
435
Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
435
Meningeal carcinomatosis
435
Clinical features
436
Investigation
436
Differential diagnosis
436
Treatment and prognosis
436
Meningioma
436
Meningitis: overview
437
Clinical features
438
Investigation
438
Differential diagnosis
438
Treatment and prognosis
439
Meningococcal disease
439
Clinical features
439
Investigation
440
Differential diagnosis
440
Treatment and prognosis
440
Meralgia paresthetica
441
Clinical features
441
Investigation
441
Differential diagnosis
441
Treatment and prognosis
441
MERRF syndrome
442
Clinical features
442
Investigation
442
Differential diagnosis
442
Treatment and prognosis
442
Metabolic storage disorders: overview
443
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD)
443
Clinical features
444
Investigation
444
Differential diagnosis
445
Treatment and prognosis
445
Metastatic disease and the nervous system: overview
445
Clinical features
446
Investigation
446
Differential diagnosis
446
Treatment and prognosis
446
Methanol poisoning
446
Migraine
447
Clinical features
447
Investigation
448
Differential diagnosis
448
Treatment and prognosis
449
Migralepsy
449
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
450
Clinical features
450
Investigation
450
Differential diagnosis
450
Treatment and prognosis
450
Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS)
451
Clinical features
451
Investigation
451
Differential diagnosis
451
Treatment and prognosis
452
Mills’ syndrome, Mills’ variant
452
Mitochondrial disease: overview
452
Clinical features
453
Investigation
454
Differential diagnosis
454
Treatment and prognosis
454
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)
455
Miyoshi myopathy [OMIM#254130]
455
MNGIE syndrome
456
Möbius syndrome
457
Mohr–Tranebjaerg syndrome [OMIM#304700]
457
Mollaret meningitis
458
Monoclonal gammopathies
458
Monomelic amyotrophy
459
Mononeuritis multiplex: overview
459
Morton’s metatarsalgia
460
Morvan’s syndrome
460
Motor neurone disease (MND)
461
Clinical features
461
Investigation
462
Differential diagnosis
462
Treatment and prognosis
463
Motor neurone diseases: overview
463
Moyamoya
464
Mucormycosis
465
Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN)
465
Clinical features
466
Investigation
466
Differential diagnosis
466
Treatment and prognosis
467
Multi-minicore disease
467
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
467
Clinical features
468
Investigation
468
Differential diagnosis
469
Treatment and prognosis
469
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis
470
Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
470
Clinical features
471
Investigation
471
Differential diagnosis
472
Treatment and prognosis
472
Muscular dystrophies: overview
472
Investigation
473
Musculocutaneous neuropathy
473
Clinical features
474
Investigation
474
Differential diagnosis
474
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
474
Clinical features
474
Investigation
475
Differential diagnosis
476
Treatment and prognosis
476
Mycoplasma
478
Clinical features
478
Investigation
478
Differential diagnosis
478
Treatment and prognosis
478
Myelopathy: overview
479
Clinical features
480
Investigation
480
Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency (MADD)
481
Myoclonus-dystonia syndrome (MDS)
481
Myopathy: overview
482
Clinical features
482
Investigation
482
Differential diagnosis
482
Myositis: overview
483
Myositis ossificans [OMIM#135100]
484
Myotonia congenita
484
Clinical features
484
Investigation
485
Differential diagnosis
485
Treatment and prognosis
485
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) [OMIM#160900]
485
Clinical features
486
Investigation
486
Differential diagnosis
487
Treatment and prognosis
487
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) [OMIM#602668]
487
Clinical features
488
Investigation
488
Differential diagnosis
488
Treatment and prognosis
488
Myotonic syndromes: overview
488
Investigation
489
Differential diagnosis
489
Myotubular/Centronuclear myopathies
490
N
491
Naegleria
491
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
491
Narcolepsy
492
Clinical features
492
Investigation
493
Differential diagnosis
493
Treatment and prognosis
493
NARP syndrome
494
Nasu-Hakola disease
494
Nathalie syndrome
495
Neck-tongue syndrome
495
Necrotizing myelopathy
495
Nemaline myopathy
496
Clinical features
496
Investigation
496
Differential diagnosis
496
Treatment and prognosis
496
Neuralgic amyotrophy
497
Clinical features
497
Investigation
497
Differential diagnosis
498
Treatment and prognosis
498
Neuroacanthocytosis
498
Clinical features
499
Investigation
499
Differential diagnosis
500
Treatment and prognosis
500
Neuroblastoma
500
Neuroborreliosis
501
Clinical features
501
Investigation
502
Differential diagnosis
502
Treatment and prognosis
502
Neurobrucellosis
503
Clinical features
503
Investigation
503
Differential diagnosis
504
Treatment and prognosis
504
Neurocutaneous syndromes
504
Neurocysticercosis
505
Clinical features
506
Investigation
506
Differential diagnosis
506
Treatment and prognosis
506
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA)
507
Clinical features
507
Investigation
507
Differential diagnosis
507
Treatment and prognosis
507
Neuroferritinopathy
508
Neurofibromatosis (NF)
508
Clinical features
509
Investigation
509
Differential diagnosis
510
Treatment and prognosis
510
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
510
Clinical features
511
Investigation
511
Differential diagnosis
511
Treatment and prognosis
511
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) diseases: overview
512
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
512
Clinical features
512
Investigation
513
Differential diagnosis
513
Treatment and prognosis
513
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL): overview
514
Neuropathies: overview
514
Clinical features
517
Investigation
517
Differential diagnosis
518
Treatment and prognosis
518
Neurosarcoidosis
519
Clinical features
519
Investigation
520
Differential diagnosis
521
Treatment and prognosis
521
Neurosyphilis
522
Clinical features
522
Investigation
522
Differential diagnosis
523
Treatment and prognosis
523
Neurovascular compression syndromes: overview
523
Niemann–Pick disease (NPD) type C [OMIM#257220]
524
Clinical features
524
Investigation
524
Differential diagnosis
525
Treatment and prognosis
525
NIFID
525
NMDA-receptor encephalitis
525
Clinical features
526
Investigation
526
Differential diagnosis
526
Treatment and prognosis
526
Nocardiosis
526
Nonaka myopathy [OMIM#605820]
527
Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD)
527
Clinical features
527
Investigation
528
Differential diagnosis
528
Treatment and prognosis
528
Non-Wilsonian hepatocerebral degeneration (NWHCD)
529
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
529
Clinical features
530
Investigation
530
Differential diagnosis
531
Treatment and prognosis
531
Notalgia paresthetica
531
“Numb and clumsy hands” syndrome
532
Numb cheek syndrome, Numb chin syndrome
532
O
533
Obsessional slowness
533
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)
533
Clinical features
534
Investigation
534
Differential diagnosis
534
Treatment and prognosis
535
Obturator neuropathy
535
Clinical features
535
Investigation
536
Differential diagnosis
536
Occipital neuralgia
536
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD)
536
Clinical features
537
Investigation
537
Differential diagnosis
537
Treatment and prognosis
537
Oligodendroglioma
537
Ophthalmoplegic migraine
538
Optic neuritis
538
Clinical features
538
Investigation
539
Differential diagnosis
539
Treatment and prognosis
539
Orbital apex syndrome
540
Superior orbital fissure syndrome
540
Orbital tumors: overview
540
Clinical features
540
Investigation
541
Differential diagnosis
541
Treatment and prognosis
541
Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency
541
Oromandibular dystonia
542
Lingual dystonia
542
Ortner syndrome
542
Cardiovocal syndrome
542
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL)
542
Clinical features
542
Investigation
542
Differential diagnosis
543
Treatment and prognosis
543
Osteogenesis imperfecta
543
Osteomalacia
544
O’Sullivan–McLeod syndrome
544
Overlap syndrome
544
P
545
Paget’s disease
545
Clinical features
545
Investigation
545
Differential diagnosis
546
Treatment and prognosis
546
Painful legs and moving toes (PLMT)
546
Clinical features
546
Investigation
547
Differential diagnosis
547
Treatment and prognosis
547
Pallido-pyramidal syndrome
547
Pancoast syndrome
548
Clinical features
548
Investigation
548
Differential diagnosis
548
Treatment and prognosis
548
Paragonimiasis
549
Paraneoplastic syndromes: overview
549
Clinical features
550
Investigation
550
Differential diagnosis
551
Treatment and prognosis
552
Paraproteinemic demyelinating neuropathy (PDN)
552
Clinical features
552
Investigation
553
Differential diagnosis
553
Treatment and prognosis
553
Parasomnias
554
Clinical features
554
Investigation
554
Differential diagnosis
554
Treatment and prognosis
555
Parkinsonian syndromes, parkinsonism
555
Clinical features
555
Investigation
556
Differential diagnosis
556
Treatment and prognosis
556
Parkinson’s disease (PD)
557
Clinical features
557
Investigation
559
Differential diagnosis
559
Treatment and prognosis
559
Parkinson’s syndrome
561
Paroxysmal dyskinesias
561
Clinical features
561
Investigation
562
Differential diagnosis
562
Treatment and prognosis
563
Paroxysmal hemicrania
563
Parry-Romberg syndrome
564
Clinical features
564
Investigation
564
Differential diagnosis
564
Treatment and prognosis
564
Patent foramen ovale (PFO)
565
Pavor nocturnus
565
Payne syndrome
566
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) [OMIM#312080]
566
Clinical features
566
Investigation
567
Differential diagnosis
567
Treatment and prognosis
567
Pellagra
567
Clinical features
568
Investigation
568
Differential diagnosis
568
Treatment and prognosis
568
Periodic paralysis (PP)
569
Clinical features
569
Investigation
569
Differential diagnosis
570
Treatment and prognosis
570
Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH)
570
Clinical features
571
Investigation
571
Differential diagnosis
571
Treatment and prognosis
572
Peroneal neuropathy
572
Clinical features
572
Investigation
573
Differential diagnosis
573
Pick’s disease
573
Pineal gland tumors
573
Piriformis syndrome
574
Clinical features
574
Investigation
574
Differential diagnosis
575
Treatment and prognosis
575
Pisa syndrome
575
Pituitary disease: overview
575
Clinical features
576
Investigation
577
Differential diagnosis
577
Treatment and prognosis
577
POEMS syndrome
577
Clinical features
578
Investigation
578
Differential diagnosis
578
Treatment and prognosis
578
Poliomyelitis
579
Clinical features
579
Investigation
580
Differential diagnosis
580
Treatment and prognosis
580
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
580
Clinical features
581
Investigation
581
Differential diagnosis
581
Treatment and prognosis
581
Polycythemia rubra vera (PRV)
582
Polyglucosan body disease (PGB)
582
Clinical features
582
Investigation
582
Differential diagnosis
583
Treatment and prognosis
583
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
583
Clinical features
583
Investigation
584
Differential diagnosis
584
Treatment and prognosis
584
Polymyositis
585
Clinical features
585
Investigation
585
Differential diagnosis
585
Treatment and prognosis
586
Pompe’s disease [OMIM#232300]
586
Clinical features
587
Investigation
587
Differential diagnosis
587
Treatment and prognosis
588
Porphyria
588
Clinical features
588
Investigation
589
Differential diagnosis
589
Treatment and prognosis
590
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA)
590
Posterior interosseous syndrome
591
Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES)
591
Clinical features
592
Investigation
592
Differential diagnosis
592
Treatment and prognosis
592
Posthypoxic syndromes
592
Clinical features
593
Investigation
593
Differential diagnosis
593
Treatment and prognosis
593
Postpolio syndrome
593
Investigation
594
Treatment and prognosis
594
Potassium-aggravated myotonia (PAM) [OMIM#608390]
594
Clinical features
594
Investigation
595
Differential diagnosis
595
Treatment and prognosis
595
Pregnancy and the nervous system: overview
595
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS)
597
Clinical features
597
Investigation
597
Differential diagnosis
598
Treatment and prognosis
598
Primary headache associated with sexual activity (PHSA)
599
Differential diagnosis and investigation
599
Treatment and prognosis
599
Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
600
Clinical features
600
Investigation
600
Differential diagnosis
600
Treatment and prognosis
601
Primary orthostatic tremor (POT)
601
Clinical features
601
Investigation
601
Differential diagnosis
602
Treatment and prognosis
602
Primary systemic amyloidosis
602
Prion disease: overview
603
Clinical features
603
Investigation
603
Differential diagnosis
604
Treatment and prognosis
604
Progeria [OMIM#176670]
604
Progressive ataxia and palatal tremor (PAPT)
605
Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM)
605
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
606
Clinical features
606
Investigation
606
Differential diagnosis
607
Treatment and prognosis
607
Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PME)
607
Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA)
608
Clinical features
609
Investigation
609
Differential diagnosis
609
Treatment and prognosis
609
Progressive subcortical gliosis of Neumann (PSG)
610
Clinical features
610
Investigation
610
Differential diagnosis
610
Treatment and prognosis
610
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
611
Clinical features
611
Investigation
611
Differential diagnosis
612
Treatment and prognosis
612
Pronator teres syndrome
613
Clinical features
613
Pseudomigraine
613
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)
614
Clinical features
614
Investigation
614
Treatment and prognosis
614
Psittacosis
615
Psychiatric disorders and neurological disease: overview
615
Clinical features
615
Investigation
616
Differential diagnosis
616
Treatment and prognosis
616
Pure autonomic failure (PAF)
617
Clinical features
617
Investigation
617
Differential diagnosis
618
Treatment and prognosis
618
Q
619
Q fever
619
Quail myopathy
620
R
621
Rabies
621
Clinical features
621
Investigation
621
Differential diagnosis
622
Treatment and prognosis
622
Radial neuropathy
622
Clinical features
623
Investigation
623
Differential diagnosis
623
Radiculopathies: overview
623
Clinical features
623
Investigation
624
Differential diagnosis
624
Treatment and prognosis
624
Radiotherapy-induced neurological disorders
624
Clinical features
624
Investigation
625
Differential diagnosis
625
Treatment and prognosis
625
Raeder’s paratrigeminal syndrome
625
Clinical features
626
Investigation
626
Differential diagnosis
626
Treatment and prognosis
626
Ramsay Hunt syndromes
627
Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE), Rasmussen’s syndrome
627
Clinical features
627
Investigation
628
Differential diagnosis
628
Treatment and prognosis
628
Rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism [OMIM#128235]
628
Reflex epilepsies
629
Refsum’s disease
629
Clinical features
630
Investigation
630
Differential diagnosis
630
Treatment and prognosis
630
Relapsing polychondritis
631
REM sleep behavior disorder (REMBD)
631
Renal disease and the nervous system: overview
632
Clinical features
632
Investigation
633
Differential diagnosis
634
Treatment and prognosis
634
Respiratory failure: overview
634
Clinical features
634
Investigation
635
Differential diagnosis
635
Treatment and prognosis
635
Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
636
Clinical features
636
Investigation
636
Differential diagnosis
636
Treatment and prognosis
637
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes (RCVS)
637
Clinical features
638
Investigation
638
Differential diagnosis
638
Treatment and prognosis
638
Rhabdomyolysis
639
Clinical features
639
Investigation
639
Differential diagnosis
640
Treatment and prognosis
640
Rheumatoid arthritis
640
Clinical features
640
Investigation
641
Differential diagnosis
641
Treatment and prognosis
641
Rickettsial disease
642
Clinical features
642
Investigation
642
Differential diagnosis
642
Treatment and prognosis
642
Rigid spine syndrome [OMIM#602771]
643
Riley–Day syndrome [OMIM#223900]
643
Investigation
644
Differential diagnosis
644
Treatment and prognosis
644
Rippling muscle disease (RMD) [OMIM#606072]
644
Rosai–Dorfman disease
645
Clinical features
645
Investigation
645
Differential diagnosis
646
Treatment and prognosis
646
Ross syndrome
646
Roussy–Lévy syndrome [OMIM#180800]
647
Clinical features
647
Investigation
647
Differential diagnosis
647
Treatment and prognosis
647
Rubella
648
“Rucksack paralysis”
648
S
649
Sandhoff’s disease [OMIM#268800]
649
Saphenous neuropathy
649
Sarcoglycanopathy
650
Satoyoshi syndrome
650
Scapuloperoneal syndrome
651
Scheuermann’s disease
651
Schilder’s disease
651
Clinical features
652
Investigation
652
Differential diagnosis
652
Treatment and prognosis
653
Schistosomiasis
653
Clinical features
653
Investigation
654
Differential diagnosis
654
Treatment and prognosis
654
Schnitzler’s syndrome
654
Schwartz–Jampel syndrome [OMIM#255800]
654
Clinical features
655
Investigation
655
Differential diagnosis
655
Treatment and prognosis
655
Sciatic neuropathy
655
Clinical features
656
Investigation
656
Differential diagnosis
656
Sciatica
656
Clinical features
657
Investigation
657
Differential diagnosis
657
Treatment and prognosis
657
Scoliosis: overview
658
Semantic dementia (SD)
658
Clinical features
659
Investigation
659
Differential diagnosis
659
Treatment and prognosis
659
Sengers syndrome
660
Septo-optic dysplasia
660
Serotonin syndrome
660
Shapiro syndrome
661
Shoulder–hand syndrome
661
Sialidosis
661
Clinical features
662
Investigation
662
Differential diagnosis
662
Treatment and prognosis
663
Sickle-cell disease
663
Silver syndrome [OMIM#270685]
663
Sjögren’s syndrome
663
Clinical features
664
Investigation
664
Differential diagnosis
665
Treatment and prognosis
665
Sleep apnea syndromes: overview
665
Sleep disorders: overview
666
Sneddon’s syndrome
667
Clinical features
667
Investigation
667
Differential diagnosis
667
Treatment and prognosis
667
Solvent exposure
668
Somatoform disorders
668
Sparganosis
670
Spasmodic dysphonia
670
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) [OMIM#313200]
670
Clinical features
671
Investigation
671
Differential diagnosis
671
Treatment and prognosis
671
Spina bifida
672
Clinical features
672
Investigation
672
Differential diagnosis
673
Treatment and prognosis
673
Spinal cord disease: overview
673
Investigation
674
Differential diagnosis
674
Spinal cord vascular diseases
674
Clinical features
674
Investigation
675
Differential diagnosis
675
Treatment and prognosis
675
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
676
Clinical features
677
Investigation
677
Differential diagnosis
677
Treatment and prognosis
677
Spinal stenosis
678
Clinical features
678
Investigation
678
Differential diagnosis
679
Treatment and prognosis
679
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
679
Differential diagnosis
682
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH)
682
Clinical features
682
Investigation
682
Differential diagnosis
683
Treatment and prognosis
683
Spontaneous periodic hypothermia
683
Startle syndromes: overview
683
Clinical features
684
Investigation
684
Differential diagnosis
684
Treatment and prognosis
684
Status epilepticus
685
Clinical features
685
Investigation
685
Differential diagnosis
685
Treatment and prognosis
685
Stiffness: overview
686
Clinical features
687
Investigation
687
Differential diagnosis
688
Treatment and prognosis
688
Stroke: overview
688
Clinical features
689
Investigation
691
Differential diagnosis
691
Treatment and prognosis
691
Strongyloidiasis
692
Clinical features
692
Investigation
692
Differential diagnosis
693
Treatment and prognosis
693
Strychnine poisoning
693
Clinical features
693
Differential diagnosis
693
Treatment and prognosis
694
Sturge–Weber syndrome
694
Clinical features
694
Investigation
695
Differential diagnosis
695
Treatment and prognosis
695
Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SACDOC)
695
Subacute motor neuronopathy
696
Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON)
697
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
697
Clinical features
697
Investigation
698
Differential diagnosis
698
Treatment and prognosis
698
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
698
Clinical features
699
Investigation
699
Differential diagnosis
700
Treatment and prognosis
700
Subclavian steal syndrome
701
Subdural empyema
702
Clinical features
702
Investigation
702
Differential diagnosis
702
Treatment and prognosis
702
Subdural hematoma (SDH)
703
Clinical features
703
Investigation
703
Differential diagnosis
704
Treatment and prognosis
704
Subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma (SEGA)
704
Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP)
705
SUNCT syndrome, SUNA syndrome
705
Clinical features
705
Investigation
706
Differential diagnosis
706
Treatment and prognosis
706
Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system
706
Clinical features
706
Investigation
707
Differential diagnosis
707
Treatment and prognosis
707
Superior oblique myokymia
707
Susac syndrome
708
Clinical features
708
Investigation
708
Differential diagnosis
708
Treatment and prognosis
708
Sweet’s syndrome
709
Sydenham’s chorea
709
Clinical features
710
Investigation
710
Differential diagnosis
710
Treatment and prognosis
710
Syncope
711
Clinical features
711
Investigation
712
Differential diagnosis
712
Treatment and prognosis
712
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
713
Clinical features
713
Investigation
713
Differential diagnosis
714
Treatment and prognosis
714
Synucleinopathy
714
Syringomyelia and syringobulbia
715
Clinical features
715
Investigation
716
Differential diagnosis
716
Treatment and prognosis
716
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
716
Clinical features
717
Investigation
717
Differential diagnosis
718
Treatment and prognosis
718
Systemic sclerosis
718
Clinical features
719
Investigation
719
Differential diagnosis
719
Treatment and prognosis
719
T
720
Takayasu’s arteritis
720
Clinical features
720
Investigation
720
Differential diagnosis
720
Treatment and prognosis
721
Tangier disease [OMIM#205400]
721
Clinical features
721
Investigation
721
Differential diagnosis
722
Treatment and prognosis
722
Tarlov cyst
722
Tauopathy
723
Tay–Sachs disease [OMIM#272800]
723
Clinical features
724
Investigation
724
Differential diagnosis
724
Treatment and prognosis
725
Teratoma
725
Tetanus
725
Clinical features
725
Sec21_20
726
Investigation
726
Differential diagnosis
726
Treatment and prognosis
726
Tethered cord syndrome
726
Clinical features
726
Investigation
727
Differential diagnosis
727
Treatment and prognosis
727
Thalamic syndromes: overview
727
Clinical features
727
Investigation
728
Differential diagnosis
728
Treatment and prognosis
728
Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS)
728
Clinical features
729
Investigation
729
Differential diagnosis
729
Treatment and prognosis
729
Thunderclap headache
730
Clinical features
730
Investigation
730
Differential diagnosis
730
Treatment and prognosis
731
Thyroid disease and the nervous system: overview
731
Clinical features
731
Investigation
732
Differential diagnosis
732
Treatment and prognosis
732
Tibial muscular dystrophy [OMIM#600334]
733
Tibial neuropathy
733
Clinical features
733
Investigation
734
Differential diagnosis
734
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
734
Top of the basilar syndrome
735
Clinical features
735
Investigation
736
Differential diagnosis
736
Treatment and prognosis
736
Tourette syndrome (TS)
736
Clinical features
737
Investigation
737
Differential diagnosis
737
Treatment and prognosis
737
Toxocariasis
738
Toxoplasmosis
738
Clinical features
738
Investigation
738
Differential diagnosis
739
Treatment and prognosis
739
Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA)
739
Clinical features
739
Investigation
739
Differential diagnosis
740
Treatment and prognosis
740
Transient global amnesia (TGA)
740
Clinical features
740
Investigation
740
Differential diagnosis
741
Treatment and prognosis
741
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
741
Clinical features
742
Investigation
742
Differential diagnosis
743
Treatment and prognosis
743
Transient unresponsiveness of the elderly
744
Transverse myelitis
744
Clinical features
745
Investigation
745
Differential diagnosis
745
Treatment and prognosis
745
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
746
Clinical features
746
Investigation
746
Differential diagnosis
747
Treatment and prognosis
747
Tremor: overview
748
Clinical features
748
Investigation
749
Differential diagnosis
749
Treatment and prognosis
749
Trichinosis
750
Clinical features
750
Investigation
750
Differential diagnosis
751
Treatment and prognosis
751
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalagias (TACS): overview
751
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN)
752
Clinical features
752
Investigation
752
Differential diagnosis
753
Treatment and prognosis
753
Trigeminal sensory neuropathy (TSN)
753
Trinucleotide repeat diseases: overview
754
Investigation
756
Treatment and prognosis
756
Troyer syndrome
756
Trypanosomiasis
757
Clinical features
757
Investigation
758
Differential diagnosis
758
Treatment and prognosis
758
Tuberculosis (TB) and the nervous system: overview
758
Clinical features
759
Investigation
759
Differential diagnosis
759
Treatment and prognosis
759
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM)
760
Clinical features
760
Investigation
761
Differential diagnosis
761
Treatment and prognosis
761
Tuberous sclerosis [OMIM#191100, #613254]
762
Clinical features
762
Investigation
763
Differential diagnosis
763
Treatment and prognosis
763
Tumors: overview
763
Clinical features
764
Investigation
765
Differential diagnosis
765
Treatment and prognosis
765
Typhus
766
Clinical features
766
Investigation
766
Differential diagnosis
767
Treatment and prognosis
767
U
768
Ullrich’s congenital muscular dystrophy [OMIM#254090]
768
Ulnar neuropathy
768
Clinical features
769
Investigation
769
Differential diagnosis
769
Treatment and prognosis
770
Unverricht–Lundborg disease [OMIM#254800]
770
Clinical features
770
Investigation
770
Differential diagnosis
771
Treatment and prognosis
771
Urbach–Wiethe disease [OMIM#247100]
771
Urea cycle enzyme defects (UCED): overview
772
Clinical features
773
Investigation
773
Differential diagnosis
773
Treatment and prognosis
774
Usher’s syndromes
774
V
775
Van Buchem’s syndrome
775
Vanishing white matter disease (VWMD) [OMIM#603896]
775
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD)
776
Clinical features
776
Investigation
776
Differential diagnosis
777
Treatment and prognosis
777
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and the nervous system
777
Vascular dementia (VaD), vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)
778
Clinical features
779
Investigation
779
Differential diagnosis
779
Treatment and prognosis
779
Vascular malformations: overview
780
Vasculitis
780
Clinical features
781
Investigation
781
Differential diagnosis
782
Treatment and prognosis
782
Vegetative states
782
Clinical features
783
Investigation
783
Differential diagnosis
783
Treatment and prognosis
783
Venous sinus thrombosis (VST)
784
Clinical features
784
Investigation
784
Differential diagnosis
785
Treatment and prognosis
785
Verger–Déjerine syndrome
785
Vernant’s disease
786
Vestibular neuritis
786
Clinical features
786
Investigation
786
Differential diagnosis
787
Treatment and prognosis
787
Vestibular paroxysmia
787
Vestibular schwannoma
788
Clinical features
788
Investigation
789
Differential diagnosis
789
Treatment and prognosis
789
Visual loss: overview
790
Vitamin B12 deficiency
791
Clinical features
792
Investigation
792
Differential diagnosis
793
Treatment and prognosis
793
Vitamin deficiencies and the nervous system: overview
794
Clinical features
794
Investigation
794
Treatment and prognosis
795
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) syndrome
795
Clinical features
795
Investigation
795
Differential diagnosis
796
Treatment and prognosis
796
Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease [OMIM#193300]
796
Clinical features
796
Investigation
797
Differential diagnosis
797
Treatment and prognosis
797
Von Winiwarter–Buerger’s disease
797
Clinical features
798
Investigation
798
Differential diagnosis
798
Treatment and prognosis
798
W
799
Wartenberg’s neuropathy
799
Clinical features
799
Investigation
799
Differential diagnosis
799
Treatment and prognosis
799
Weber–Christian disease
800
Wegener’s granulomatosis
800
Clinical features
801
Investigation
801
Differential diagnosis
801
Treatment and prognosis
801
Welander’s myopathy
802
Werdnig–Hoffmann disease [OMOM#253300]
802
Clinical features
802
Investigation
803
Differential diagnosis
803
Treatment and prognosis
803
Werner syndrome [OMIM#277700]
803
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)
804
Clinical features
804
Investigation
805
Differential diagnosis
805
Treatment and prognosis
805
Whipple’s disease
806
Clinical features
806
Investigation
806
Differential diagnosis
807
Treatment and prognosis
807
Wilson’s disease [OMIM#277900]
807
Clinical features
807
Investigation
808
Differential diagnosis
808
Treatment and prognosis
808
Wolfram syndrome
809
Clinical features
809
Investigation
810
Differential diagnosis
810
Treatment and prognosis
810
Writing tremor
810
Wyburn-Mason disease
811
XYZ
812
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)
812
Clinical features
812
Investigations
813
Treatment and prognosis
813
X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism syndrome [OMIM#314250]
813
X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA)
814
Zinc deficiency
814
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.