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Water Circulation in Rocks
von: Laura Scesi, Paola Gattinoni
Springer-Verlag, 2009
ISBN: 9789048124176 , 165 Seiten
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 96,29 EUR
Contents
4
1 Introduction to Water Circulation in Rocks
7
1.1 General Observations
7
1.2 Origin of Discontinuities
8
1.3 Features of Discontinuities
9
1.3.1 Orientation
10
1.3.2 Degree of Fracturing
12
1.3.3 Persistence
14
1.3.4 Aperture and Filling
15
1.3.5 Roughness
16
1.3.6 Weathering
18
1.3.7 Moisture Conditions and Seepage
18
1.4 Graphical Representation of Discontinuities
19
1.4.1 Equal Areal Projections
20
1.4.2 Equal Angle Projections
22
1.5 Basic Elements for Hydrogeological Conceptual Model Definition
25
1.5.1 The Work Scale
27
1.5.2 Elementary Representative Volume
28
1.5.3 Changing of Fracturing Degree with Depth
29
1.6 Probabilistic Generation of Discontinuity Network
29
2 Hydraulic Conductivity Assessment
34
2.1 Introduction
34
2.2 Deterministic Methodologies
34
2.2.1 Hydraulic Conductivity Along a Single Fracture
34
2.2.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Along a Fracture System
37
2.2.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Tensor
38
2.2.4 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity
40
2.3 Probabilistic Methodologies: Percolation Theory
41
2.4 In Situ Tests
45
2.4.1 Lugeon Tests
46
2.4.2 Hydrogeochemical Methods
47
2.4.2.1 Traditional Geochemical Methods
47
2.4.2.2 Methods with Artificial Tracers
48
2.4.2.3 Isotopic Methods
49
2.4.3 Hydraulic Tests in Double-Porosity Aquifers
49
2.4.4 Hydraulic Tests in Anisotropic Aquifers
51
3 Influence of Joint Features on Rock Mass Hydraulic Conductivity
54
3.1 Introduction
54
3.2 Influence of Joint Roughness
54
3.2.1 Effects of Roughness on Hydraulic Conductivity of a Single Joint: Theoretical Analysis
55
3.2.2 Effects of Roughness on Hydraulic Conductivity of a Single Joint: Experimental Checking
58
3.2.3 Effects of Roughness on Rock Mass Hydraulic Conductivity
61
3.3 Influence of Joint Aperture
63
3.3.1 Changes in Aperture with Depth
64
3.3.2 Changes in Aperture with the Stress Field
68
3.4 Influence of Joint Spacing and Frequency
72
3.5 Joints Interconnection
74
4 Main Flow Direction in Rock Masses
78
4.1 Introduction
78
4.2 Anisotropy of the Fractured Medium
78
4.3 Main Flow Direction in Fractured Media
81
4.4 Non-saturated Medium
82
4.5 Non-saturated Medium: Main Flow Direction with an Impermeable Layer
86
4.6 Saturated Medium
87
4.6.1 Known Hydraulic Gradient
88
4.6.2 Unknown Hydraulic Gradient
89
5 Methods and Models to Simulate the Groundwater Flow in Rock Masses
91
5.1 Introduction
91
5.2 Basic Elements of a Modeling Approach
91
5.2.1 Definition of the Conceptual Model
93
5.2.2 The Model Project
94
5.2.3 Choice of the Numerical Code
94
5.3 Darcys Model
95
5.4 Discrete Models
97
5.5 Dual Porosity Models
101
6 Case Histories
104
6.1 Groundwater Flow and Slope Stability
104
6.2 Evaluation of the Hydrogeological Risk Linked with Tunneling
111
6.2.1 Reconstruction of the Groundwater Flow
113
6.2.2 Estimation of the Tunnel Inflow
114
6.2.3 Delimitation of the Tunnel Influence Zone
119
6.2.4 Hydrogeological Risk Analysis
126
6.3 Hydrogeological Risk Linked with Road Construction
130
6.4 Mountain Aquifer Exploitation and Safeguard: Eva Verda Basin Case Study (Saint Marcel, Aosta Valley, Italy)
138
6.4.1 Hydrogeological Reconstruction
141
6.5 Stochastic Groundwater Modeling for the Drying Risk Assessment
147
6.5.1 Hydrogeological Setting of the Study Area
148
6.5.2 Groundwater Model of the Nossana Spring
150
6.5.3 Factors Involved in the Depletion Curve
154
6.5.4 Drying Risk Assessment
156
References
158
Index
166
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