Microwave Radiation of the Ocean-Atmosphere - Boundary Heat and Dynamic Interaction

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Anchor 1

Anchor 2

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Chapter 1

Parameters Accessible for the Satellite Microwave Radiometric Means and Their Relations with the Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction

1.1 Relationship Between Dielectric Properties, Physical and Chemical Parameters of the Water and Physical Characteristics o

1.1.1 Radiation Models of a Water Surface

1.1.2 Radiation Models of the Atmosphere and the SOA

1.2 Methods of Using the Data of Microwave and Infrared Radiometric Measurements for an Analysis of Heat Fluxes at the SOA B

1.2.1 Traditional Approach

1.2.2 Alternative Approach

1.3 Parameters of Heat Interchanges in the SOA, which are Directly Determined by Means of Satellite Microwave Radiometry

1.3.1 Preamble

1.3.2 Relations Between MCW Radiation, the SST, and the Wind Speed

1.3.3 Estimates of an Accuracy of the SST Determination

1.3.4 Perspective Methods of Resolution of the Problem of the SST Determination

1.4 Potential of Satellite Microwave Radiometric Methods for Determining the Meteorological Parameters of the Near-Surface

1.4.1 Climatic and Seasonal Scales

1.4.2 Synoptic Scales

1.5 Conclusion

References

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Chapter 2

Modeling of the SOA MCW and IR Characteristics and Their Relations With the Air–Sea Heat Interaction

2.1 Sensitivity of Microwave and Infrared Radiation of the System Ocean–Atmosphere to Mesometeorological Variations of Heat

2.1.1 Model of Heat Interchanges Between the Oceanic and Atmospheric Boundary Layers

2.1.2 Interrelations of MCW and IR Radiation Fluxes with Heat Fluxes in the System Ocean–Atmosphere

2.1.3 Results of Numerical Analysis of the Dynamics of Thermal and Electromagnetic Fluxes and Their Correlations in the Ocea

2.2 Correlation of the Brightness Temperature with an Intensity of the Ocean–Atmosphere Heat Interaction in the Synoptic Ran

2.2.1 Initial Data

2.2.2 Methods of Computation of the SOA Radiation

2.2.3 Results of Computations of the SOA Brightness Temperatures and Their Comparison with Heat Fluxes (Experiment ATLANTEX-

2.2.4 On the Mechanism of a Correlation Between the SOA Brightness Temperature and Interfacial Heat and Momentum fluxes

2.2.5 Response of the SOA Heat and MCW Radiation Characteristics on the Atmospheric Horizontal Circulation

2.3 Relations Between Monthly Mean Air–Sea Temperature Differences and SOA MCW and IR radiation

2.3.1 Statement of the Problem

2.3.2 Approximations and Limitations Used

2.3.3 Relations Between Natural Radiation and SOA Characteristics

2.3.4 Correlation Between Monthly Mean Differences of the Ocean Surface and Atmosphere Near-Surface Temperatures and the SOA

2.4 Brightness Temperature as the Characteristic of Seasonal and Interannual Dynamics of the Ocean–Atmosphere Heat Interacti

2.4.1 Tw., Ta – loops as Characteristics of Heat Exchange Between the Ocean and Atmosphere

2.4.2 Ways to Use the Brightness Temperature Loops for Estimation of Annual Heat Fluxes

2.5 Use of Satellite MCW Radiometric Methods to Determine the Role of Energy-Active Zones in the North Atlantic in Forming

2.5.1 Initial Point

2.5.2 Our Approach

2.6 Conclusion

References

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Chapter 3

Interconnection Between the Brightness Temperature and an Intensity of the Heat Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction: Experimental Re

3.1 Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Microwave Radiometric Data in Parameterizations of Heat Exchange Between the Ocean and

3.1.1 How it is Possible to Use the Parameter Q in Estimating the Synoptic Variations of Parameters e and Ta in Midl

3.1.2 Useful Parameterizations for This Approach

3.2 Experimental Studies of Interrelation Between the Brightness Temperature and Synoptic Heat and Impulse Fluxes (Based on

3.2.1 SSM/I Radiometer of the DMSP Satellites

3.2.2 Comparison of the SSM/I-Derived and Evaluated Synoptic Variations of the SOA Brightness Temperatures

3.2.3 Relations of the SSM/I-Derived Brightness Temperatures with the Near-Surface Fluxes of Heat and Impulse

3.2.4 Stability of the Relationships Between the Vessel and Their Satellite Estimates

3.3 Experimental Studies of Interrelation Between the Brightness Temperature and SOA Parameters in Front Zones

3.3.1 Synoptic Variability of the SOA Parameters and Its Brightness Temperature in the Region of the Subpolar Hydrological

3.3.2 Features of the Atmospheric Dynamics Observed in the Region of the SHF

3.3.3 Interrelation of the Brightness Temperature and Wind Direction in the Region of the SHF

3.4 Conclusion

References

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Chapter 4

Results of Studies of Heat and Dynamic Air–Sea Interactions with Passive Microwave Radiometric Methods at the Seasonal and C

4.1 Satellite-Derived Estimates of Monthly Mean Integral Parameters of the Atmosphere and Near-Surface Wind Speed

4.1.1 Monthly Mean Brightness Temperatures Observed with the SSM/I Radiometer Over the Energy-Active Zones of the North Atl

4.1.2 Monthly Mean SOA Parameters Retrieved with the SSM/I Radiometer over the Energy-Active Zones of the North Atlantic an

4.2 Estimates of Monthly Mean Heat Fluxes in the North Atlantic Using Data of the Satellite F-08 (DMSP)

4.2.1 Validation of the Monthly Mean Heat Fluxes Estimated from Satellites with Archival Data in Active Zones of the North A

4.2.2 Some Conclusions

4.3 Satellite-Derived Estimates of Multiyear (Climatic) Variability of the Surface Heat Fluxes in Active Zones of the North

4.3.1 Areas of Interests in the North Atlantic

4.3.2 Potential of the Radiometer SMM/I in Retrieving the Parameters V, Q, W and Estimating the Interannual Variability

4.3.3 Brightness Temperature as the Direct Characteristic of Heat Interaction in the Climatic Time Scales

4.4 Conclusion

References

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Chapter 5

Effectiveness of the Satellite MCW Radiometric Means of Studying the Air–Sea Interaction

5.1 Present-Day and Perspective Satellite Passive MCW Radiometric and Other Means of the Earth Remote Sensing and Their Poten

5.1.1 Prehistory and General Information

5.1.2 MCW Radiometer SMMR of the Nimbus-7 Satellite

5.1.3 DMSP MCW Radiometric Complex

5.1.4 SSM/I – Spe.ial Sensor Microwave/Imager

5.1.5 SSM/T – Atmospheric Temperature Profiler

5.1.6 SSM/T-2 – Atmospheric Water Vapor

5.1.7 SSMIS – Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder

5.1.8 TRMM Complex

5.1.9 Meteor-3M No. 1 Complex

5.1.10 EOS Aqua Satellite Complex

5.1.10.1 AMSR-E – Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer

5.1.10.2 AMSU – Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit

5.1.10.3 HSB – Humidity Sounder for Brazil

5.1.10.4 AIRS – Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

5.1.10.5 MODIS – Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

5.1.10.6 CERES – Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System

5.1.11 Complex of the ADEOS-II Satellite

5.1.12 Complex of the Sich-1M Satellite

5.1.13 The Measurement Complex of Russian Satellite Meteor-M No. 1

5.1.14 Complex of the NPOESS Satellite

5.1.15 Complex of the PROTEUS Satellite

5.1.16 Russian Sensing Complex “MKA-FKI” No. 1

5.2 Comparison of Potentials of the SSM/I and MTVZA Radiometers for Analysis of the Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction

5.2.1 Background of Study

5.2.2 Comparison of MTVZA Simulated and SSM/I-Derived Brightness Temperatures

5.2.3 Interrelation of the MTVZA and SSM/I Brightness Temperatures with Heat Fluxes

5.2.4 Comparison of the MTVZA and SSM/I Measurement Data

5.3 Conclusion

References

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Appendix

Key Terms and Abbreviations

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