New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences

Foreword

Preface

Introduction

Contents

Contributors

New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences

Perpectives on Integrated Solid Earth Sciences

Introduction

Mass Transfer

Continental Topography: Interplay of Deep Earth and Surface Processes

Geoprediction: Observation, Reconstruction and Process Modelling

Observing the Present

Reconstructing the Past

Lithosphere Deformation Behaviour

Process Modelling and Validation

Challenges and New Developments

Integrated Approach to Selected Natural Laboratories and Analogues

Coupled Deep Earth and Surface Processes

Coupled Process Modelling and Validation

ILP Activities Within the International Year of Planet Earth

Task Force 1: Earth Accretionary Systems (in Space and Time) (ERAS)

Task Force 2: Tectonic Causes of Volcano Failure and Possible Premonitory Signals

Task Force 3: Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Interactions

Task Force 4: Ultra-Deep Continental Crust Subduction (UDCCS)

Task Force 5: Global and Regional Parameters of Paleoseismology; Implications for Fault Scaling and Future Earthquake Hazard

Task Force 6: Sedimentary Basins

Task Force 7: Temporal and Spatial Change of Stress and Strain

Task Force 8: Baby-Plumes Origin, Characteristics, Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Interaction and Surface Expression

Regional Coordinating Committee Europe: TOPO-EUROPE

Regional Coordinating Committee Asia: TOPO-CENTRAL-ASIA: 4D Topographic Evolution in Central Asia

Regional Coordinating Committee DynaQlim: Upper Mantle Dynamics and Quaternary Climate in Cratonic Areas

International Continental Scientific Drilling Programme (ICDP)

Perspectives on Integrated Solid Earth Sciences

References

3D Crustal Model of Western and Central Europe as a Basis for Modelling Mantle Structure

Introduction

Basic Model Assumptions

Crustal Model of Western and Central Europe

Southeastern Europe

Italian Peninsula

Iberian Peninsula and Central Atlantic Margin

England and North Atlantic Margin

Central Europe

Northern and Eastern Europe

EuCrust-07: Statistical Analysis and Difference with Previous Models

Lithology of the European Crust

Conclusions

References

Thermal and Rheological Model of the European Lithosphere

Introduction

Thermal Model of the European Lithosphere

Lithosphere Thickness of Europe

Introduction to the Strength Calculation

Rheological Model of the European Lithosphere

Effective Elastic Thickness ( Te ) of the European Lithosphere

How Reliable are the Strength Estimates?

Conclusions

Appendix: Anharmonicity Correction

Voigt-Reuss-Hill (VRH) Averaging

References

Thermo-Mechanical Models for Coupled Lithosphere-Surface Processes: Applications to Continental Convergence and Mountain Building Processes

Introduction

Interplays Between Surface and Tectonic Processes

Tectonic Forcing on Surface Processes

Coupling Between Denudation and Tectonic Uplift Due To Isostasy

Coupling Between Surface Processes and Horizontal Strains

Coupling of Surface Processes and Tectonic Input/Reaction in Full Scale Mechanical Models: Major Stages

Surface Processes Modelling: Principles and Numerical Implementation

Basic Models of Surface Processes

Alternative Models of Surface Processes

Structure and Rheology of the Lithosphere

Rheology

Thermal Model

Implementation of Coupled Models

Semi-Analytical Model for Intermediate Tectonic Convergence Rate

Unconstrained Fully Coupled Numerical Model

Experiments

Semi-Analytical Model

Case 1: No Surface Processes: ''Subsurface Collapse''

Case 2: No Shortening: ''Erosional Collapse''

Case 3: Dynamically Coupled Shortening and Erosion: ''Mountain Growth''

Coupled Regime and Graded Geometries

Sensitivity to the Rheology and Structure of the Lower Crust

Comparison With Observations

Numerical Experiments

Conclusions

Appendix 1: Model of Flexural Deformation of the Competent Cores of the Brittle-Elasto-Ductile Crust and Upper Mantle

Appendix 2: Model of Flow in the Ductile Crust

Appendix 3: Analytical Formulation for Ascending Crustal Flow

Appendix 4: Numerical Algorithm for the Full Thermo-Mechanical Model

References

Achievements and Challenges in Sedimentary Basin Dynamics:A Review

Introduction

Deep Controls on the Architecture of Sedimentary Basins

Constraints on Basin Fill and Crustal Configuration by Seismic Imaging

Industrial Reflection Seismic and Supporting Potential Field Data

Crustal-Scale Reflection and Refraction Seismology

Continental-Scale Maps of the European Moho and Lithospheric Thickness

Mantle Tomography and Other Controls on Lithospheric Thickness and Mantle Heterogeneities

Lithosphere Rheology and Tectonic Controls on Basin Segmentation and Topography

Lithosphere Strength and Deformation Mode

Lithospheric Folding: An Important Mode of Intraplate Basin Formation

Linking the Sedimentary Record to Processes in the Lithosphere

Mechanical Controls on Basin Evolution: Europe's Continental Lithosphere

Dynamics of Sedimentary Systems and Deformation Patterns

Compressional Basins: Lateral Variations in Flexural Behaviour and Implications for Paleotopography

Topographic Expression of Compressional and Extensional Flat-Ramp Systems

Coupling versus Decoupling between Forelands and Orogenic Wedges and Development of Thrust-Top Pull-Apart Basins

Intracratonic Basins

Passive Margins

Source Sink Processes: Coupling of Climate, Uplift and Erosion, Subsidence and Sedimentation

Requirements for Data Acquisition and Development of New Analytical Techniques

Chronostratigraphy, Sedimentation Rates and Timing of Maximum Burial

Paleo-Thermometers, Rates and Timing of Unroofing

Pioneer Studies for Calibrating Paleo-Elevations

New Developments in Numerical and Physical Modelling of Erosion, Sedimentation and Mountain Building Processes

Coupled Kinematic and Mechanical Models of Thrust Belt Evolution

Numerical Stratigraphic Models Coupling Erosion-Transport-Sedimentation

Physical Experiments and Parameters Controlling Continental Topography and Erosion

Synergy between Analogue and Numerical Modelling Addressing Coupling Between Deep Earth and Surface Processes and Paleo-Topography

New Trends in Integrated Basin Modelling Studies and Validation

Dynamic Controls on Reservoir Quality in Foreland Fold-and-Thrust Belts

Pore Fluid Pressure, Fluid Flow and Reactive Transport

3D Kinematic Evolution of Complex Structures

Geomechanics, Fracturing and Reservoir Prediction

Aspects of Future Basin Study

References

Recent Developments in Earthquake Hazards Studies

Introduction

The Science of Earthquakes Understanding the Hazard

Background

Diffuse Plate Boundaries

The Earthquake Cycle

Earthquake Triggering: Natural and Man-Made

Intraplate Earthquakes

Transient Aseismic Slip and Subduction Zone Seismic Tremor

The Paleoseismic Record Paleoseismic Record

Lessons from the Earthquake Record

A Survey of Earthquake Hazards

Earthquake Engineering and Building Codes

Future Directions in Earthquake Science

Enhanced Seismic Monitoring

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Global Positioning Systems

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)

Shakemaps of Seismic Intensities

Earthquake Forecasting vs. Earthquake Prediction

Earthquake Early Warning

Closing Comments

References

Passive Seismic Monitoring of Natural and Induced Earthquakes: Case Studies, Future Directions and Socio-Economic Relevance

Introduction

Quantifying the Earthquake Process

Case Studies

Monitoring the Failure Process: Acoustic Emission Activity and Fracturing in the Laboratory

Tracking the Hydro-Frac: Passive Seismic Monitoring in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Induced Seismicity at Crustal Depth: The KTB Deep Borehole Observatory

The Parkfield Earthquake Experiment

The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth

Outlook and Future Directions

NanTroSEIZE: Monitoring of a Locked Segment Along the Convergent Plate Boundary Offshore of Japan

The Istanbul/Marmara Branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in NW Turkey: Locked or Creeping?

Concluding Remarks

References

Non-volcanic Tremor: A Window into the Roots of Fault Zones

Introduction

Episodic Tremor and Slip

New Opportunities

Fundamental Properties of Tremor

Locating Non-volcanic Tremor

Waveform Envelope Location Methods

Amplitude Based Location Methods

Small Aperture Seismic Array Based Location Methods

Phase Based Location Methods

The Future of Tremor Location

Developing a Physical Model for Tremor

The Fluid Flow Model for Non-volcanic Tremor

Case Study I: Non-volcanic Tremor in Japan

Low Frequency Earthquakes

Tremor Migration

A Wide Range of Slow Events

Case Study II: Stress Interactions of Tremor with Other Earth Processes

Earthquakes Influencing Tremor

The Tides Influencing Tremor

Theoretical Models of Slow Slip (and Tremor)

Discussion and Outstanding Questions

Understanding Why Tremor Occurs in Certain Places

Tremor Locations: a Broad Depth Distribution in Some Areas?

Relationship Between Tremor and Slow Slip

Seismic Hazard Implications

Summary

References

Volcanism in Reverse and Strike-Slip Fault Settings

Introduction

Reverse Fault Tectonics and Volcanism

Field Examples

Intra-Plate Setting

Subduction Zones

Analogue Modelling Data

Magma Paths

Strike-Slip Fault Tectonics and Volcanism

Field Examples

Intra-Plate Setting

Subduction Zones

Transcurrent Faults and Calderas

Analogue Modelling

Magma Paths

Petrologic and Geochemical Effects

Conclusions

References

DynaQlim 0 Upper Mantle Dynamics and Quaternary Climate in Cratonic Areas

Introduction

Observational Basis

Geodetic Observations

Evidence from Geophysical Observations of Lithosphere Structure

Seismicity and Stress-Field

Cryosphere and Palaeoclimate

Current Models and Problems to be Solved

Climate

Ten Million Year Time Scale

Late-Pleistocene Ice Ages

Last Ice Age, Postglacial Transition

Holocene and Neoglacial Change

Connections to Upper Mantle Dynamics

Challenges with DynaQlim

References

Ultradeep Rocks and Diamonds in the Light of Advanced Scientific Technologies

Introduction

Methods

Focused Ion Beam-Assisted Transmission Electron Microscopy

Synchrotron Infrared (IR) Microspectroscopy

Samples from Earths Interior: From What Depth Do They Originate?

Ultradeep Xenoliths from Kimberlitic Sources

Diamonds from Kimberlitic Source

Submicrometre- and Nanoscale-Size Inclusions in Kimberlitic Diamonds

Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks from Collisional Orogens

Garnet Peridotites from UHPM Terranes

Diamonds from Ultrahigh-Pressure Terranes

Nanoscale Fluid and Solid Inclusions in Metamorphic Diamonds

Some Notes Related to Microdiamond Morphologies

Diamonds from Oceanic Island, Ophiolite, and Forearc Settings

Summary Statements

References

New Views of the Earth0s Inner Core from Computational Mineral Physics

Introduction

Computational Methods

Ab Initio Techniques

Simulation of Pressure

Simulation of Temperature

The Ab Initio Simulation of Iron and Iron Alloys in the Earths Inner Core

Constraints on the Structure of Iron in the Inner Core

The Effect of Light Elements on the Stable Phase of Iron in the Earth's Inner Core

Constraints on the Composition and Structure of the Earth's Inner Core from Calculated Seismic Wave Velocities

Summary and Conclusions

References

Index