Suchen und Finden
The Polish Climate in the European Context: An Historical Overview
von: Rajmund Przybylak, Jacek Majorowicz, Rudolf Brázdil, Marek Kejan
Springer-Verlag, 2009
ISBN: 9789048131679 , 535 Seiten
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 213,99 EUR
Przybylak_Frontmatter
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Przybylak_Ch01
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Chapter 1
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Climate Change in Poland in the Past Centuries and its Relationship to European Climate: Evidence from Reconstructions and Coup
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1.1 Introduction
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1.2 Data
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1.2.1 Instrumental and Reconstructed Data
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1.2.1.1 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
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1.2.1.2 East Atlantic/Western Russia Pattern (EA/WRUS)
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1.2.1.3 Scandinavian Pattern (SCAND)
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1.2.2 Model Data
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1.2.2.1 ECHO-G Temperature and Precipitation Data
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1.2.2.2 HadCM3 Temperature and Precipitation Data
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1.3 Methods
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1.3.1 Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA)
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1.4 Results and Discussions
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1.4.1 Comparing Winter Temperature and Precipitation Over Poland and European Land Areas in Reconstructions and in the Model
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1.4.2 Spatial Correlation Analysis Between Polish Winter Precipitation and Temperature with Teleconnection Indices
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1.4.3 CCA Between Winter Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation and Winter Climate Variability in Poland Back to 1750 Using Reco
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1.4.3.1 CCA SLP-Polish Winter Temperature
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1.4.3.2 CCA SLP-Polish Winter Precipitation
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1.5 Discussions and Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch02
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Chapter 2
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Historical Climate in Central Europe During the Last 500 Years
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2.1 Introduction
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2.2 Instrumental and Proxy Climatological Data
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2.3 Methods of Climate Reconstruction
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2.4 Temperature and Precipitation Series Based on Documentary Evidence in Central Europe for the Last 500 Years
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2.5 Temperature and Precipitation in Central Europe Since AD 1500 – Discussion
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2.5.1 Air Temperature
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2.5.2 Precipitation
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2.5.3 Caveats for Temperature/Precipitation Reconstruction
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2.5.3.1 Deriving Index Series
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2.5.3.2 Reconstruction Methods
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2.5.3.3 High- and Low-Frequency Signals
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2.6 Perspectives on Further Research in Central Europe
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References
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Przybylak_Ch03
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Chapter 3
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Climatic Variations in the East European Plain During the Last Millennium: State of the Art
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3.1 Introduction: Climate of the East European Plain
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3.2 Materials and Methods
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3.3 Instrumental Data
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3.3.1 Mean Annual Temperature
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3.3.2 Annual Precipitation
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3.4 Historical Data
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3.4.1 Documentary Evidence of Climate Changes in the East European Plain
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3.4.2 Quantitative Estimate of Climate Changes in the East European Plain Using Historical Data
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3.5 Tree-Ring Data
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3.5.1 Summer Temperature Reconstructions
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3.5.2 Precipitation and Runoff Reconstructions
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3.6 Borehole Temperatures
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3.7 Palynological Data
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3.8 Hydrological Data
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3.9 Multi-proxy Reconstruction
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3.10 Discussion
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3.11 Concluding Remarks
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References
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Przybylak_Ch04
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Chapter 4
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The Climate of Europe in Recent Centuries in the Context of the Climate of Mid to High Latitude Northern Hemisphere from Boreh
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4.1 Introduction
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4.2 Method
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4.2.1 Ramp Model
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4.2.2 Inversion Methods
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4.2.3 Comparison with Temperature Variations from GCM
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4.3 Variability of GST Warming
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4.4 Polish and European Recent GST Warming
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References
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Chapter 5
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Instrumental Observations
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5.1 History of Early-Instrumental Observations
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5.2 History of Some Long-Term Continuous Meteorological Series
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5.2.1 Air Temperature
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5.2.2 Atmospheric Precipitation
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5.2.3 Atmospheric Pressure
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5.2.4 Other Meteorological Variables
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5.3 Climate Changes in the Instrumental Period
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5.3.1 Air Temperature
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5.3.2 Atmospheric Precipitation
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5.3.3 Other Variables
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5.4 Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 6
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Documentary Evidence
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6.1 Introduction
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6.2 Documentary Sources – Kinds and Quality
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6.2.1 The Middle Ages
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6.2.2 The Sixteenth Century
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6.2.3 The Seventeenth Century
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6.2.4 The Eighteenth Century
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6.2.5 A Concise Typology of Sources for the Period from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
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6.2.6 Territorial Distribution of Records
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6.2.7 Chronological Distribution of Records
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6.3 History of Poland’s Climate in the Last Millennium
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6.3.1 Air Temperature
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6.3.2 Precipitation
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6.4 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch07
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Chapter 7
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Dendrochronological Data
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7.1 Introduction
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7.2 Material and Methods
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7.2.1 Sampling
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7.2.2 Material
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7.2.3 Methods
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7.2.3.1 Measurement and Basic Statistical Methods
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7.2.3.2 Signature Years
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7.2.3.3 Reconstruction
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7.2.3.4 Others
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7.3 Results and Discussion
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7.4 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch08
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Chapter 8
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Geophysical Data
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8.1 Introduction
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8.2 Review of GST Reconstruction in Poland Using Geothermal Data
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8.3 GST History from Joint Inversion
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8.4 Concluding Remarks
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References
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Przybylak_Ch09
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Chapter 9
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Concluding Remarks to Part II
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References
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Przybylak_Ch10
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Chapter 10
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Long-Term Changes of Bioclimatic Conditions in Cracow (Poland)
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10.1 Introduction
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10.2 Materials and Methods
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10.3 Bioclimatic Indices Used
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10.4 Results
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10.4.1 Reconstruction of Bioclimatic Conditions for the Years 1826–1900
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10.4.2 Fluctuations of Bioclimatic Conditions
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10.5 Discussion
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10.6 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch11
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Chapter 11
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Climate Warming in the Czech Republic: Evidence Stored in Shallow Subsurface
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11.1 Introduction
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11.2 Rationale
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11.3 Subsurface Temperature Monitoring
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11.4 Monitoring Temperatures
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11.5 Surface and Near Surface Effects
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11.5.1 Snow Cover and Ground Freezing
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11.5.2 Rain Precipitation
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11.6 Meteorological Data and Regional Warming Pattern
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11.7 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch12
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Chapter 12
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History of the Gdansk Pre-Instrumental and Instrumental Record of Meteorological Observations and Analysis of Selected Air Pr
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12.1 Introduction
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12.2 We Have Known About This for Years
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12.3 That Was the Beginning According to New Findings
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12.4 The Gdansk Air Pressure Series – Evaluation of Metadata
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12.4.1 Reinick Series
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12.4.2 Kleefeld Series
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12.4.3 Neufahrwasser Series
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12.5 Reduction of the Pressure
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12.6 Selected Statistical Analyses of the Pressure Series
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12.7 Summary
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References
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Przybylak_Ch13
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Chapter 13
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A Composite Reconstruction of the Russian Arctic Climate Back to A.D. 1435
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References
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Przybylak_Ch14
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Chapter 14
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Growth/Climate Relationships in Tree-Ring Widths of Picea Abies in Lithuania and Poland
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14.1 Introduction
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14.1.1 Aim of Study
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14.1.2 Climate of Study Area
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14.2 Material and Methods
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14.2.1 Tree Sites and Sampling Method
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14.2.2 Local Chronologies
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14.2.3 Regionalisation
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14.2.4 Dendroclimatological Analysis
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14.3 Results and Discussion
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14.3.1 Dendroclimatological Regionalisation
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14.3.2 Growth/Climate Relationships
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14.4 Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 15
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Multi-Annual Variability of Cloudiness and Sunshine Duration in Cracow Between 1826 and 2005
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15.1 Introduction
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15.2 Cloudiness
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15.3 Clear and Overcast Days
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15.4 Sunshine Duration
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15.5 Results and Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 16
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Changes in Sea Surface Temperature of the South Baltic Sea (1854–2005)
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16.1 Stating the Problem
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16.2 Data
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16.3 The Course of Mean Annual Value of SST of the Baltic Sea
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16.4 Correlation Between Sea Surface Temperatures with NAO
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16.5 Correlations of SST with the Frequency of Occurrence of Synoptic Situations of a Certain Type
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16.6 Relations of Air Temperature Over Coastal Areas with SST
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16.7 The Problem of Climatic Signal in Series of Values of Mean Annual SST of the Baltic Sea
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References
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Przybylak_Ch17
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Chapter 17
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Ground Surface Temperature Histories Reconstructed from Boreholes in Poland: Implications for Spatial Variability
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17.1 Introduction
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17.2 Inverse Method
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17.2.1 Forward Model
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17.2.2 Inverse Technique
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17.2.3 Regularizing Operators
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17.2.4 Data Preparation
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17.3 Results and Discussion
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17.4 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch18
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Chapter 18
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Precipitation Extremes and Disastrous Floods in Central Europe in July 1897
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18.1 Introduction
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18.2 Precipitation Extremes
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18.3 Floods and Their Impacts
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18.4 Conclusion
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References
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Przybylak_Ch19
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Chapter 19
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Summer Temperatures in the Tatra Mountains During the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715)
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19.1 Introduction
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19.2 Summer Temperatures During the Maunder Minimum and During the Adjacent Periods
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19.2.1 Relatively Cool Period Preceding the Maunder Minimum (1576–1675)
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19.2.2 The First Phase of the Maunder Minimum (1645–1675)
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19.3 The Late Maunder Minimum (1676–1715)
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19.3.1 The Warm Phase of the Late Maunder Minimum (1676–1688)
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19.3.2 The Cool Phase of the Late Maunder Minimum (1689–1699)
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19.3.3 The Last Phase of the Late Maunder Minimum (1700–1715)
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19.4 The Periods After the Maunder Minimum (1716–1820)
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19.5 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch20
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Chapter 20
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Seasonal Differentiation of Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature in Cracow and Prague in the Period 1836–2007
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20.1 Introduction
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20.2 Data and Methods
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20.3 The Tendencies of Change of Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature
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20.4 The Tendencies of Change of the Number of Hot Days (Tmax > 25°C) and Very Hot Days (Tmax > 30°C)
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20.5 Tendencies of Change of Frosty Days (Tmax < 0°C) and Days with Severe Frost (Tmax < 10°C)
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20.6 Discussion and Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch21
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Chapter 21
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Climate Changes in the Central and North-Eastern Parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1656 to 1685
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21.1 Introduction
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21.2 Area of Investigations
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21.3 Data and Methods
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21.3.1 Historical Period
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21.3.2 Correction Procedure
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21.3.2.1 Procedure for Temperature Corrections for the Period 1668–1685
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Annual Data
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Monthly Data
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21.3.2.2 Procedure for the correction of number of days with precipitation for the periods 1656–1657 and 1668–1685
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Monthly and Annual Data
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21.3.3 The Contemporary Period
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21.4 Results and Discussion
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21.4.1 Air Temperature
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21.4.2 Atmospheric Precipitation
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21.5 Summary and Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch22
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Chapter 22
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The Climate of Polish Lands as Viewed by Chroniclers, Writers and Scientists
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22.1 Introduction
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22.2 Weather Accounts in Chronicles
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22.3 Examples of Weather Descriptions in Historical Novels and Romances
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22.4 The Weather Observation Series in the Period of Non-Instrumental Observations
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22.5 The Weather Observation Series in the Instrumental Period
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22.6 The Importance of Systematic Weather Reporting for Science, as Exemplified by the Galician Network of Meteorological S
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22.7 Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 23
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Observations and Measurements of Precipitation in the Polish Province of Galicia in the Nineteenth Century
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23.1 Introduction
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23.2 Observations and Measurements of Precipitation Until the Mid Nineteenth Century
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23.3 Observations of Precipitation in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
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23.3.1 Instrumental Observations in Cracow
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23.3.2 Organisation of a Network of Weather Stations and Precipitation Posts
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23.4 Nineteenth Century Pluvial Conditions in the Light of Observations and Measurements from Cracow
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23.5 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch24
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Chapter 24
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Variability of the European Climate on the Basis of Differentiation of Indicators of Continentalism
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24.1 Introduction
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24.2 Material and Methods
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24.3 Thermal Continentality
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24.4 Pluvial Continentality
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24.5 Climate Continentalism in Relation to Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
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24.6 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Ch25
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Chapter 25
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The First One Hundred Years (1791–1890) of the Wroc aw Air Temperature Series
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25.1 Introduction
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25.2 The Beginnings of the Wroc aw Air Temperature Series
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25.3 The Correction of the Influence of Location Changes on Air Temperature Measurements in Wroc aw in the Nineteenth Centu
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25.4 Other Corrections of the Wroc aw Air Temperature Series
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25.5 Discussion of Results
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25.6 Temperature Measurements in Other Silesian Stations
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25.7 Conclusions
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References
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Przybylak_Backmatter
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Chapter 5
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Instrumental Observations
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5.1 History of Early-Instrumental Observations
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5.2 History of Some Long-Term Continuous Meteorological Series
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5.2.1 Air Temperature
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5.2.2 Atmospheric Precipitation
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5.2.3 Atmospheric Pressure
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5.2.4 Other Meteorological Variables
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5.3 Climate Changes in the Instrumental Period
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5.3.1 Air Temperature
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5.3.2 Atmospheric Precipitation
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5.3.3 Other Variables
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5.4 Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 6
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Documentary Evidence
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6.1 Introduction
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6.2 Documentary Sources – Kinds and Quality
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6.2.1 The Middle Ages
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6.2.2 The Sixteenth Century
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6.2.3 The Seventeenth Century
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6.2.4 The Eighteenth Century
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6.2.5 A Concise Typology of Sources for the Period from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
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6.2.6 Territorial Distribution of Records
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6.2.7 Chronological Distribution of Records
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6.3 History of Poland’s Climate in the Last Millennium
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6.3.1 Air Temperature
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6.3.2 Precipitation
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6.4 Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 23
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Observations and Measurements of Precipitation in the Polish Province of Galicia in the Nineteenth Century
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23.1 Introduction
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23.2 Observations and Measurements of Precipitation Until the Mid Nineteenth Century
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23.3 Observations of Precipitation in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
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23.3.1 Instrumental Observations in Cracow
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23.3.2 Organisation of a Network of Weather Stations and Precipitation Posts
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23.4 Nineteenth Century Pluvial Conditions in the Light of Observations and Measurements from Cracow
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23.5 Conclusions
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References
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