Suchen und Finden
187900_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF
1
187900_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF
11
Chapter Chapter 1: The Origin and Production of Nanoparticles in Environment and Industry
11
Introduction
11
Particulate Matter (PM10), Sources and Composition
12
Particles from Diesel Engines
15
Partilces from Other Combustion Sources
18
Spark Ignition Engines
18
Wood Combustion
18
Waste Incineration
20
Boilers and Furnaces
21
Noncombustion Particles
21
Occupational Exposition
22
Nanoparticles in Ambient Air
24
Conclusions
25
References
25
187900_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF
28
Chapter Chapter 2: Characterization of Combustion and Engine Exhaust Particles
28
Introduction
28
How Sampling Impacts PM Measurement
30
Conventional Approach - Dilution Tunnels
31
Direct Sampling Methods
32
Particles Formed by Combustion
33
Size and Morphology
34
Effective Density
35
Nuclei Mode Characterization
38
Particle Volatility
39
Particle Electrical Charge
41
Discussion and Conclusion
43
References
44
187900_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF
47
Chapter Chapter 3: Medicine Nanoparticle Production by EHDA
47
Introduction
47
Electro Hydrodynamic Atomization and the Production of Nanoparticles
48
Experimental
50
Capillary-Plate Set-Up
50
Aerosol Reactor Set Up
51
Results of Pt Particles Production
53
Medicine Nano- and Micro-Particles Produced with EHDA
53
Slow Release and Low Density Particles
54
Different Shapes
57
Bipolar Coagulation and Carrier Particles
57
Production Equipment
60
Future of EHDA - Out Scaling
62
References
64
187900_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF
66
Chapter Chapter 4: Electrospray and Its Medical Applications
66
Introduction
66
Basics of Single- and Dual-Capillary Electrospray
68
Basics for Single-Capillary ES
68
Dual-Capillary ES
71
Examples of Medical/Biological Applications Using Electrspray
72
Drug Reformulation
72
Nanoparticle Dispersion for Toxicity Study
73
Electrospray Inhaler for Asthma Patient
75
Polymer Coating for the Control of Drug Release Rate
76
Coating of Medical Devices
77
Formation of Nano-Gradient Growth Factor for Guided Neuron Growth
78
Gene Transfection Using the Electrospray Technique
78
Summary
79
References
80
187900_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF
83
Chapter Chapter 5: Generation of Nanoparticles from Vapours in Case of Exhaust Filtration
83
Introduction
83
Detection of Nanoparticles
84
Aerosol Generation Methods
87
Aerosol Formation and the Effect of Filtration
88
Conclusions
92
References
93
187900_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF
96
Chapter Chapter 6: Measurement and Characterization of Aerosol Nanoparticles
96
Introduction
96
Measurement of Particle Size Distribution and Number Concentration
98
Electrostatic Particle Manipulation and Quantification of a Nanoparticle Ensamble
99
Particle Generation and Charge Conditioning
101
Measurement of Particle Surface with Surface Area Monitoring Devices
105
Mass Measurement of Single Aerosol Particles
106
Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer (APMA, Mod. APM-10)
109
Grouping of Differential Mobility and Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer
110
Grouping of Differential Mobility Analyzer with Mass Spectrometer
110
Summary
112
References
114
187900_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF
118
Chapter 7: Inhalation and Deposition of Nanoparticles: Fundamentals, Phenomenology and Practical Aspects
118
Introduction
118
Geometry of the Human Respiratory System
118
Upper Airways
118
Nose
119
Oral Cavity Air Passages
119
Airway System of Bronchial Region
120
Pulmonary Region
121
Gas Flow in the Respiratory Tracts
121
Particles
124
Classification of Diffusional Particle Deposition Models
127
Single Particle Trajectory Concept (Lagrangian Approach)
128
Eulerian Approach
130
The Results of Recent Modeling of Nanoparticles Deposition
131
Practical Issues of Ex-vivo Studies of Particle Deposition in Models of Human Airways
134
In Silico and In Vitro Studies of the Extrathoracic Region
135
In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Bronchial Bifurcation
140
In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Pulmonary Region
142
Interaction of Deposited Particles with the Lung Surfactant
142
Conclusions
146
References
147
187900_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF
150
Chapter Chapter 8: Dosimetry of Inhaled Nanoparticles
150
Introduction
150
Methods
151
Macroscopic Methods of Particle Dosimetry
151
Quantitative Nanoparticle Biokinetics
151
Animals and Organ Preparation
152
Ultrastructural Analyses
153
Lung Fixation
153
Recovery of Phagocytic Cells by Bronchoalveolar Lavage
155
Representative Tissue Sampling and Quantitative Morphologic Analysis
155
Morphological Characterization and Elemental Microanalysis of Nanoparticles
158
Nanoparticle Dosimetry
160
Particle Deposition
160
Particle Retention and Relocation Pathways within the Lungs
162
Particle Clearance Towards the Larynx and to Regional Lymph Nodes
163
Airways
163
Alveoli
165
Translocation of Nanoparticles to the Blood and Their Subsequent Accumulation in Secondary Target Organs
167
Experimental Translocation Studies
169
References
172
187900_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF
177
Chapter Chapter 9: Particles of Biomedical Relevance and Their Interactions: A Classical and Quantum Mechanistic Approach to a
177
Introduction
177
Theoretical Approaches
178
Basics of Quantum Chemistry
178
Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics
180
Phenomenological Approaches
181
Selected Theoretical Case-Studies for Systems of Biological Importance
183
Iron-Containing Enzymes
183
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
185
Miscellaneous Examples of Atomistic Simulation for Biosystems
186
Conclusions
187
References
188
187900_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF
191
Chapter Chapter 10: Health Effects of Nanoparticles (Inhalation) from Medical Point of View/Type of Diseases
191
Introduction
191
Nanoparticle Toxicity
195
Screening for Toxicity
197
Nanoparticles for Therapy
199
References
203
187900_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF
207
Chapter Chapter 11: Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Diesel Exhaust on the Innate Immune Function of the Airway Epithelium
207
Introduction
207
Host Defense Against Infection in the Lung
208
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Role of Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease
210
Modulation of Host Defense
210
Concluding Remarks and Directions for Further Research
212
References
213
187900_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF
215
Chapter Chapter 12: The Potential Harmful and Beneficial Effects of Nanoparticles in Children
215
Introduction
215
Why Are Children Not Small Adults
216
Exposure Differences
216
Differences in Developmental Biology
217
Normal Lung Development
218
The Role of the Placenta
218
Enzyme Systems
219
Repair After Injury
219
Neural Development and Oxidative Stress
220
The Immune System
221
Pre- and Postnatal Exposure
222
Beneficial Aspects of Nanoparticles in Children
224
References
226
187900_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF
231
Chapter Chapter 13: Targeting Drugs to the Lungs - The Example of Insulin
231
Introduction
231
Physical Methods for Aerosol Administration
232
Nebulisers
232
Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI)
233
Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI)
234
History of Insulin Inhalation
234
Devices for Insulin Inhalation
235
Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Insulin
236
Factors Affecting the Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Insulin
244
Safety of Inhaled Insulin
248
Conclusions
249
References
250
187900_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF
254
Chapter Chapter 14: Protection of the Respiratory System Against Nanoparticles Inhalation
254
Introduction
254
Classical Single Fiber Theory
255
Brownian Dynamics Method
258
Filtration of Nanoparticles in Electret Filters
262
Filtration of Fractal-like Nanoaggregates
266
Aerosol Filtration in Nanofibrous Filters
269
Filtration of Nanoparticles in Polydisperse Filters
278
Summary
279
References
280
187900_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF
281
Chapter 15: Overview and Discussion
281
187900_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF
287
: Index
287
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.