Nanoparticles in medicine and environment - Inhalation and health effects

187900_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF

187900_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 1: The Origin and Production of Nanoparticles in Environment and Industry

Introduction

Particulate Matter (PM10), Sources and Composition

Particles from Diesel Engines

Partilces from Other Combustion Sources

Spark Ignition Engines

Wood Combustion

Waste Incineration

Boilers and Furnaces

Noncombustion Particles

Occupational Exposition

Nanoparticles in Ambient Air

Conclusions

References

187900_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 2: Characterization of Combustion and Engine Exhaust Particles

Introduction

How Sampling Impacts PM Measurement

Conventional Approach - Dilution Tunnels

Direct Sampling Methods

Particles Formed by Combustion

Size and Morphology

Effective Density

Nuclei Mode Characterization

Particle Volatility

Particle Electrical Charge

Discussion and Conclusion

References

187900_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 3: Medicine Nanoparticle Production by EHDA

Introduction

Electro Hydrodynamic Atomization and the Production of Nanoparticles

Experimental

Capillary-Plate Set-Up

Aerosol Reactor Set Up

Results of Pt Particles Production

Medicine Nano- and Micro-Particles Produced with EHDA

Slow Release and Low Density Particles

Different Shapes

Bipolar Coagulation and Carrier Particles

Production Equipment

Future of EHDA - Out Scaling

References

187900_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 4: Electrospray and Its Medical Applications

Introduction

Basics of Single- and Dual-Capillary Electrospray

Basics for Single-Capillary ES

Dual-Capillary ES

Examples of Medical/Biological Applications Using Electrspray

Drug Reformulation

Nanoparticle Dispersion for Toxicity Study

Electrospray Inhaler for Asthma Patient

Polymer Coating for the Control of Drug Release Rate

Coating of Medical Devices

Formation of Nano-Gradient Growth Factor for Guided Neuron Growth

Gene Transfection Using the Electrospray Technique

Summary

References

187900_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 5: Generation of Nanoparticles from Vapours in Case of Exhaust Filtration

Introduction

Detection of Nanoparticles

Aerosol Generation Methods

Aerosol Formation and the Effect of Filtration

Conclusions

References

187900_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 6: Measurement and Characterization of Aerosol Nanoparticles

Introduction

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution and Number Concentration

Electrostatic Particle Manipulation and Quantification of a Nanoparticle Ensamble

Particle Generation and Charge Conditioning

Measurement of Particle Surface with Surface Area Monitoring Devices

Mass Measurement of Single Aerosol Particles

Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer (APMA, Mod. APM-10)

Grouping of Differential Mobility and Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer

Grouping of Differential Mobility Analyzer with Mass Spectrometer

Summary

References

187900_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter 7: Inhalation and Deposition of Nanoparticles: Fundamentals, Phenomenology and Practical Aspects

Introduction

Geometry of the Human Respiratory System

Upper Airways

Nose

Oral Cavity Air Passages

Airway System of Bronchial Region

Pulmonary Region

Gas Flow in the Respiratory Tracts

Particles

Classification of Diffusional Particle Deposition Models

Single Particle Trajectory Concept (Lagrangian Approach)

Eulerian Approach

The Results of Recent Modeling of Nanoparticles Deposition

Practical Issues of Ex-vivo Studies of Particle Deposition in Models of Human Airways

In Silico and In Vitro Studies of the Extrathoracic Region

In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Bronchial Bifurcation

In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Pulmonary Region

Interaction of Deposited Particles with the Lung Surfactant

Conclusions

References

187900_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 8: Dosimetry of Inhaled Nanoparticles

Introduction

Methods

Macroscopic Methods of Particle Dosimetry

Quantitative Nanoparticle Biokinetics

Animals and Organ Preparation

Ultrastructural Analyses

Lung Fixation

Recovery of Phagocytic Cells by Bronchoalveolar Lavage

Representative Tissue Sampling and Quantitative Morphologic Analysis

Morphological Characterization and Elemental Microanalysis of Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle Dosimetry

Particle Deposition

Particle Retention and Relocation Pathways within the Lungs

Particle Clearance Towards the Larynx and to Regional Lymph Nodes

Airways

Alveoli

Translocation of Nanoparticles to the Blood and Their Subsequent Accumulation in Secondary Target Organs

Experimental Translocation Studies

References

187900_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 9: Particles of Biomedical Relevance and Their Interactions: A Classical and Quantum Mechanistic Approach to a

Introduction

Theoretical Approaches

Basics of Quantum Chemistry

Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics

Phenomenological Approaches

Selected Theoretical Case-Studies for Systems of Biological Importance

Iron-Containing Enzymes

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship

Miscellaneous Examples of Atomistic Simulation for Biosystems

Conclusions

References

187900_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 10: Health Effects of Nanoparticles (Inhalation) from Medical Point of View/Type of Diseases

Introduction

Nanoparticle Toxicity

Screening for Toxicity

Nanoparticles for Therapy

References

187900_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 11: Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Diesel Exhaust on the Innate Immune Function of the Airway Epithelium

Introduction

Host Defense Against Infection in the Lung

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Role of Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease

Modulation of Host Defense

Concluding Remarks and Directions for Further Research

References

187900_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 12: The Potential Harmful and Beneficial Effects of Nanoparticles in Children

Introduction

Why Are Children Not Small Adults

Exposure Differences

Differences in Developmental Biology

Normal Lung Development

The Role of the Placenta

Enzyme Systems

Repair After Injury

Neural Development and Oxidative Stress

The Immune System

Pre- and Postnatal Exposure

Beneficial Aspects of Nanoparticles in Children

References

187900_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 13: Targeting Drugs to the Lungs - The Example of Insulin

Introduction

Physical Methods for Aerosol Administration

Nebulisers

Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI)

Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI)

History of Insulin Inhalation

Devices for Insulin Inhalation

Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Insulin

Factors Affecting the Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Insulin

Safety of Inhaled Insulin

Conclusions

References

187900_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter Chapter 14: Protection of the Respiratory System Against Nanoparticles Inhalation

Introduction

Classical Single Fiber Theory

Brownian Dynamics Method

Filtration of Nanoparticles in Electret Filters

Filtration of Fractal-like Nanoaggregates

Aerosol Filtration in Nanofibrous Filters

Filtration of Nanoparticles in Polydisperse Filters

Summary

References

187900_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF

Chapter 15: Overview and Discussion

187900_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF

: Index