Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Contributing to Sustained Development and Poverty Alleviation

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Contemporary Situation

1.3 Fish and Human Nutrition

1.4 Traditional Fish Food Supplies

1.5 Fish Food Needs

1.6 Aquaculture

1.6.1 Importance in Narrowing the Supply and Demand Gap

1.6.2 Key Features of the Aquaculture Sector

1.6.3 Growth Phases in Aquaculture

1.6.4 Public Perceptions on Aquaculture

1.7 Is Aquaculture a Success?

References

2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish Culture in China: A Holistic Approach for Livelihood Improvement in Rural Areas

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Development of Fish Culture in Rice Fields in China

2.2.1 Historical Aspects

2.3 Evolution of Fish Culture in Rice Fields

2.3.1 Initial Development Stages

2.3.2 Production Centered Rice-fish Culture

2.3.3 Rice-Fish Culture and Income Generation

2.3.4 Holistic Ecosystem Approach for Environmental Integrity and Food Safety

2.4 Recent Developments

2.4.1 Trends of Change in Culture Area and Production

2.4.2 Species Diversification

2.4.3 Proliferation of Rice–fish Culture Across the Country

2.4.4 Extended Scope and Well-organized Industry

2.5 Role of Rice-fish Culture in Inland Aquaculture

2.6 Important Systems and Practices

2.6.1 Concurrent Rice-fish Farming Systems

2.6.2 Alternate Rice–fish Farming Systems

2.6.3 Rice–Finfish Farming Practice

2.6.4 Rice–Crustacean Farming Practices

2.7 Contribution of Rice–fish Culture to Overall Aquaculture in China

2.8 Social and Economic Benefits

2.8.1 Rural Farmer Household Income

2.8.2 Improvement of Women’s Social Status

2.8.3 Promoting Social Stability

2.9 Contribution to Food Security and Safety

2.9.1 An Effective Approach of Food Production with Minimum Natural Resource

2.9.2 Effective System Producing Green and Organic Rice and Aquatic Products

2.9.3 Contribution to Environmental Integrity

2.9.4 Minimizing Environment Impacts Through Least Use of Chemicals and Drugs

2.9.5 Maximum Utilization of Production Inputs and Discharge of Nutrients to the Environment

2.9.6 Maximizing Water and Land Resource Use

2.10 Key Factors Contributing to the Success of Rice-fish Culture

2.10.1 Cultural and Socioeconomic Basis

2.10.2 Changing Social and Economic Environment

2.10.3 Changing of People’s Perception

2.10.4 Favorable Government Policy Steering and Public Support

2.11 Way Forward

2.11.1 Potential for Further Development

2.11.1.1 Further Expansion of Culture

2.11.1.2 Scaling Up the Production of Green and Organic Food

2.12 Regional Perspectives

References

3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empowering Small-Scale Farmers through a Cluster-Based Approach

3.1 Introduction 1

3.2 The Shrimp Industry in India

3.3 Background to MPEDA-NACA Project

3.3.1 Key Steps Adopted in the Project

3.3.2 Risk Factor Study (2000–2001)

3.3.3 Development of BMPs Based on International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming

3.4 Implementation of BMPs and Evolution of the Group Approach

3.4.1 Pilot Testing of BMPs at Farm Level (2002)

3.4.2 Promotion of BMPs at Group Level (2003)

3.5 Promotion of BMPs at the Cluster Level and Expansion of the Program (2004–2006)

3.5.1 Why the Approach is Considered a Success

3.5.1.1 Empowering Small-Scale Farmers

3.5.1.2 Society Management

3.5.1.3 Capacity Building

3.5.2 Contributing to Sustainability of Shrimp Farming

3.5.2.1 Economic Sustainability

3.5.2.2 Reduced Disease Risks

3.5.2.3 Reduced Cost of Production and Increased Profit

3.5.2.4 Facilitating Favorable Policy Decisions

3.6 Environmental Sustainability

3.6.1 Organic Project

3.6.2 Revival of Abandoned Ponds

3.6.3 Social Responsibility

3.7 Opportunities to Comply (for Small Scale Farmers) with Market Requirements

3.8 Adoption of the Model by Other NACA Member Countries

3.9 Increased Stakeholder Interactions and Involvement

3.10 Self Propagating Nature of the Model

3.11 Cost Benefit Analysis of MPEDA-NACA Project

3.11.1 Economic Analysis MPEDA-NACA Project Costs, 2004–2006

3.12 Summary of Positive Impacts

3.13 Summary of Lessons Learned

3.14 Way Forward

References

4 Backyard Hatcheries and Small Scale Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Thailand

4.1 Historical Development of Backyard Hatcheries

4.2 Present Status of Backyard Hatcheries in Thailand

4.3 History of Freshwater Prawn Farming

4.4 History of Marine Shrimp Farming

4.5 Key Factors for the Success of Small Scale Operators

4.5.1 Key People and Organizations

4.6 Government Policy and Support

4.6.1 Networking and Information Exchange

4.6.2 Crisis as One Key Driver of Success

4.7 Switching of Crustacean Species and Sustainable Farming

References

5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative Livelihood Option for Communities Displaced by Reservoir Impoundment in Kulekhani, Nepal

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Cage Fish Culture

5.2.1 Origins of the Idea of Cage Fish Culture and its Expansion in the Reservoir

5.3 Kulekhani Reservoir

5.4 Displaced Ethnic Communities and Their Settlement

5.4.1 Cage Fish Farming

5.4.2 Private Sector Cage and Capture Fisheries

5.5 Cage Net Materials and Accessories

5.5.1 Gill Nets and Cast Nets

5.5.2 Economics of Cage Aquaculture

5.6 New Trends

5.7 Discussion

5.8 Contribution of Fisheries to Social Development

5.9 Contribution to Gender Empowerment

5.10 Scaling up Strategies

5.11 Conclusions

References

6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income through Fish Production: Secondary Use of Water Resources in Sri Lanka and Elsewhere

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Reservoir Resources in Sri Lanka

6.3 Water Resources for Culture-Based Fisheries Development in Sri Lanka

6.4 CBF Development in Reservoirs of Sri Lanka

6.4.1 Why Initial Attempts at CBF Development Failed?

6.4.2 New Thoughts from the Lessons Learnt

6.4.3 Legal Framework for Reservoir Management

6.5 Lessons Learnt

6.5.1 Marketing and Economics of CBF

6.5.2 Dissemination of Major Research Findings

6.6 CBF Knowledge Translated into Practice

6.7 Vietnam

6.8 Lao PDR

6.9 Conclusions

References

7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vietnam: A Decade of Unprecedented Development

7.1 Why is it Striped/Tra Catfish ( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus )?

7.2 Striped Catfish: Life Cycle

7.3 Striped Catfish: Production Chain

7.4 The Role of Striped Catfish in Aquaculture Sector

7.5 Socio economical Impacts from Striped Catfish Farming

7.6 Key Factors of for the Success of Striped Catfish Farming in Vietnam

7.6.1 Success of Seed Production and Hatchery Development

7.7 Success of Pond Culture Development

7.7.1 Overview of Culture Systems

7.7.2 Key Culture Techniques of Pond Culture

7.7.3 Improvement of Feeds

7.7.4 Advantage of Water Sources

7.7.5 High Economic Returns

7.7.6 Traditional Practices and Farmer Innovations

7.7.7 Government Support

7.7.8 Availability of Markets

7.8 Major Challenges in Up-scaling of Striped Catfish Industry in Vietnam

7.8.1 Diseases, Drugs, and Chemical Uses

7.8.2 Environmental Sustainability

7.8.3 Seed Quality

7.9 Ensuring Sustainable Striped Catfish Farming Systems

7.9.1 Markets

7.9.2 Organization of the Industry

7.10 Conclusions

References

8 The Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias Project: Impact and Lessons Learned

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1 Background

8.1.2 Objectives of the Paper

8.1.3 Structure of the Document

8.2 Why is the Need for Genetic Improvement of Fish?

8.3 Why Tilapia?

8.3.1 Emergence of Partnership for Genetic Enhancement of Tilapia

8.4 Development of Improved Nile Tilapia Strain

8.4.1 Establishment of a Base Population

8.4.2 Selective Breeding Methodology

8.4.3 Evaluation of GIFT Strain in Asia

8.5 Dissemination of Improved Tilapia Strain

8.5.1 International Program for Responsible Transfer of Improved Genetic Material

8.5.2 Commercial Dissemination of GIFT-Derived Strain

8.5.3 Development of Strategy for Effective Dissemination and Maintenance of GIFT Strain

8.5.4 Introductions of GIFT Fish from Asia to Africa

8.5.5 Public–Private Partnerships

8.6 Creating an Environment for Sustainability of GIFT

8.6.1 Capacity Building in Developing Countries

8.6.2 Follow-Up Program on GIFT

8.7 Development of Program to Ensure Maximum Benefits from GIFT

8.7.1 Impacts of GIFT Technology

8.7.1.1 Application of GIFT Technology in Carps and Other Species in Asia

8.7.1.2 Impacts of GIFT Strain

8.8 Lessons Learned

References

9 The Role of Exotics in Chinse Inland Aquaculture

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Aquaculture of Exotic Species in China

9.2.1 Exotic Finfish in Aquaculture

9.2.2 Culture of Exotic Crustaceans

9.3 Markets and Processing Industry Developments

9.4 Possible Reasons for the Success of Aquaculture of Exotic Species

9.5 General Considerations

9.6 Risk Assessment and Control

9.7 Administration Institutions for Exotic Species

References

10 Synthesis and Lessons Learned

10.1 An Evolving View of Success

10.2 A Vision for Sustainable Aquaculture

10.4 Measures of Success

10.5 An Evolving “Success” Hypothesis

10.6 Conditions Favoring Success

10.7 A Look into the Future

References

Contributors

Index