Suchen und Finden
Acknowledgments
6
Contents
7
List of Tables
9
Introduction
10
What Are Costs of Crime?
13
2.1 What is Crime
13
2.2 What is a Cost?
17
2.3 Categories of Costs
18
2.3.1 Costs of Crime Itself
18
2.3.2 Cost of Society’s Response
24
2.3.3 Costs in Anticipation of Crime
25
2.4 Why Calculate Costs of Crime?
25
Costs of Crime Estimation Techniques
27
3.1 Total or Incremental Cost of Crime
27
3.2 Ex Ante and Ex Post Perspectives
29
3.3 A Short History of Costs of Crime
30
3.4 Property Prices
34
3.5 Jury Awards
39
3.6 Contingent Valuation
42
3.7 Fear of Crime and Shadow Pricing
47
3.8 Total Cost of Crime
48
3.9 Other Estimates
55
3.10 Discussion
56
3.10.1 Ex Ante and Ex Post Perspectives
56
3.10.2 Marginal and Total Cost of Crime
60
3.10.3 Lack of Categorization
61
3.10.4 Comprehensiveness
62
3.10.5 Recommendation
63
Implications for Criminal Policy
65
4.1 Costs Estimates and Theories of Punishment
65
4.1.1 Harm and Culpability
67
4.1.2 Retributivism
70
4.1.3 Consequentialism
84
4.2 Costs Estimates and Sentencing Policy
91
4.2.1 Social Perception of the Seriousness of Crime
94
4.2.2 Criminal Law and Public Opinion
97
4.2.3 Normative Seriousness of Crime
101
4.2.4 Judicial Perception of Seriousness of Crime
105
4.3 Crime Prevention
112
4.3.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis in Criminal Law
112
4.3.2 Benefits of Cost-Benefit Analysis
119
4.3.3 Cost of Crime Estimates in Assessing Crime Policies
123
Conclusions
128
Bibliography
132
Index
141
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