Mos Christianorum - The Roman Discourse of Exemplarity and the Jewish and Christian Language of Leadership

Cover

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Introduction

A. Overview of Scholarship on Roman Exempla and Exemplarity Leadership

I. Exempla and Roman Exemplarity in Scholarship

II. Ancient Discourse on Leadership Related to the Figure of Christ

B. Overview of Chapters

Chapter 2: The Discourse of Exemplarity in the Ancient Mediterranean World

A. Examples (????????????) in Ancient Greek Rhetoric, Education, and Patriotism

I. The Greek ??????????: Definition and Place in Rhetorical Theory

1. Defining ??????????

2. ?????????? in Rhetorica ad Alexandrum

3. Aristotle

II. The Pedagogic and Patriotic Use of ???????????? in Greek Culture

1. Poetry in Greek Society

2. Speeches of Praise

B. Exempla and Exemplarity in Roman Culture

I. Definition and Taxonomical Matters

II. Exempla in Specific Authors/Rhetorical Handbooks

1. Auctor ad Herennium

2. Marcus Tullius Cicero

3. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus

III. The Broader Discourse of Exemplarity

IV. Venues for the Deployment of Exempla in Roman Society and Culture

1. Roman Education

2. Imagines in Roman Culture

3. Popular Oratory and Exemplarity

4. Architecture, Statues, and Inscriptions

5. Exemplarity in Roman Historiography

C. Conclusion

Chapter 3: Notions of Exemplary Leadership in Roman Society and Culture

A. Major Categories of Exemplary Leadership in Roman Society and Culture

I. Noble Lineage

II. Courage and Martial Prowess

III. Education and Eloquence

IV. Personal Frugality and Generous Patronage

V. Piety towards the Gods

1. Definition

2. Excursus: The Nature of Roman Religion

a) Public vs. Private Practice

b) Formalism and the Mos Maiorum

c) Orthopraxy

d) Empirical Epistemology

e) Religion and Society

3. Leadership and Roman Piety

B. Exemplary Leadership in Cornelius Nepos and Plutarch

C. Laudationes and Exemplary Leadership

D. Honorable Leadership in De Officiis

I. Noble Lineage in De Officiis

II. Courage and Martial Prowess in De Officiis

III. Rhetorical Ability in De Officiis

IV. Generous Patronage in De Officiis

V. Piety and Other Cardinal Virtues in De Officiis

E. Conclusion

Chapter 4: Moses as an Exemplum of Native Leadership in Philo’s De Vita Mosis and Josephus’ Antiquities 2–4

A. Josephus and Philo’s Relative Exposure to Roman Culture and Politics

I. Romanization in the East

II. Josephus’ Exposure to Roman Culture and Politics

III. Philo’s Alexandria and Experience with Rome

B. “A Tale of Two Moseses”

I. Josephus’ Moses (Ant. 2–4)

1. Noble Lineage

2. Bravery and Martial Prowess

a) Action

b) Audience

c) Commemoration

d) Imitation

3. Education and Eloquence

a) Action

b) Audience

c) Commemoration

d) Imitation

4. Generous Patronage

a) Action

b) Audience

c) Commemoration

d) Imitation

5. The Josephan Favorite: “Piety”

a) Action

b) Audience

c) Commemoration

d) Imitation

II. Philo’s Portrayal of Moses’ Exemplary Leadership in Mos. 1–2

1. Noble Lineage

2. Bravery and Martial Prowess

3. Moses’ Education and Eloquence

a) Action

b) Audience

c) Commemoration

d) Imitation

4. Personal Frugality and Generous Patronage

5. The Philonic Favorite: “Piety”

a) Philo’s General View of God

b) Philo’s View of God in Mos. 1–2

c) Manifestations of Piety in Mos. 1–2

6. Moses Balancing Reason and Emotions

III. Josephus and Philo’s Elevating the Figure of Moses in Light of Roman Discourse

1. Josephus and Philo’s Shared Exaltation of Moses

2. Consolidation of Virtue in Valerius Maximus

a) Noble Lineage

b) Courage and Martial Prowess

c) Education and Eloquence

d) Personal Frugality and Generous Patronage

e) Piety toward the Divine

3. Traditional Roman Leadership Preferences in Josephus and Philo

4. Form: Traditional Roman Discourse of Exemplarity in Josephus and Philo

C. Conclusion and Implications

Chapter 5: Exempla and Roman Exemplarity in 1 Clement

A. Overview of 1 Clement

I. Preservation and Date of Composition

II. Authorship

III. Genre and Structure

IV. Occasion

V. Previous Scholarship on Leadership and Rhetoric in 1 Clement

VI. Advocating a “Native” Morality of Leadership on the Way to Restoring Harmony

B. Exempla in 1 Clement

I. Ubiquity of Exempla

II. Selection of Exempla

C. Leadership Ideals

I. Noble Lineage

II. Courage, Martial Prowess, and Endurance in 1 Clement

1. Martial Images

2. Agonistic Endurance (???????)

III. Eloquence

IV. Generous Patronage

V. Piety

1. ????????

2. General Emphasis on the Divine

3. Piety and Orderly Ritual

4. Piety as Encompassing All Virtue

VI. Love (?????)

VII. Humility (??????????????)

1. Unelaborated Exhortations to Humility

2. Extended Exempla of Humility

3. Humility as an Enduring, Honorable Attribute in 1 Clement

4. Excursus: The ???????-Word Group in Ancient Mediterranean Literature

a) Traditional “Greco-Roman” Usage

i) Epictetus (55–135 CE)

ii) Plutarch (46–120 CE)

iii) Positive Usage in Plutarch

b) The ???????-Word Group in the LXX and Jewish Literature

i) Usage in the LXX

ii) Other Uses in Jewish Literature

c) The ???????-Word Group in the New Testament

5. “Humility” in 1 Clement as a Pauline Preservation

D. Conclusion

Chapter 6: The Martyrs of Vienne and Lyons as Exempla of Christian Leadership

A. Overview of the Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons

I. Date and Contents

II. Review of Scholarship on Lyons

B. Preservation of the Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons

C. The Presence and Nature of Roman Power and Culture in Gaul

I. General Roman Power in the Region

II. Roman Patronage Networks in Gaul

III. Roman Law and Administration in Gaul

IV. Roman Material Culture in Gaul

V. Instilling and Broadcasting Roman Mores

VI. Lyons and Vienne

D. Exemplary Discourse on Leadership in the Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons

I. The Martyrs of Lyons and Vienne as Paragons of Leadership

II. The First Depiction of the Martyrs as a Group (Lyons 1.4–8)

III. Vettius Epagathus (Lyons 1.9–10)

IV. Two General Groups: Martyrs vs. the Stillborn (Lyons 1.11–13)

V. Blandina (Lyons 1.18–19, 37, 41–42, 53–56)

VI. Sanctus (Lyons 1.20–24, 38–40)

VII. Lyons 2.1–8

1. Humility

2. Love

E. Lyons in Light of Traditional Roman Leadership Attributes

I. Noble Lineage

II. Courage and Martial Prowess

III. Eloquence

IV. Patronage

V. Piety

VI. Love and Humility

F. Conclusion

Chapter 7: Conclusion

Bibliography

Index of Ancient Sources

A. Hebrew Bible, Septuagint, and Early Jewish Literature

B. New Testament

C. Philo

D. Josephus

E. Classical Literature

F. Early Christian Literature

Index of Modern Authors

Index of Subjects