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Preface
6
Contents
8
Automatic Segmentation of the Optic Radiation Using DTI in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Glaucoma
12
1 Introduction
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2 Interpolation in the Space of Diffusion Tensors
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3 Initial Estimation of the Optic Radiation and the Midbrain
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4 Segmentation Using a Statistical Level Set Framework
18
5 Results and Discussion
20
6 Conclusion and Future Work
23
References
24
Real Time Colour Based Player Tracking in Indoor Sports
27
1 Introduction
28
2 Related Work
29
3 Architecture
30
3.1 Projected Solution
31
3.2 Tested Solution
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4 Image Processing
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4.1 Team Definition
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4.2 Background Subtraction
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4.3 Colour Detection
34
4.4 Blob Aggregation and Characterization
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4.5 Real World Transformation
36
4.6 Player Tracking
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5 Results
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5.1 Overview
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5.2 Sample Footage
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5.3 Player Detection
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5.4 Player Tracking
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6 Conclusions and Future Work
44
References
45
Visualization of the Dynamics of the Female Pelvic Floor Reflex and Steady State Function
46
1 Introduction
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1.1 Clinical Problem
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1.2 Anatomical Considerations
47
1.3 Functional Considerations
48
1.4 Contribution of Imaging
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1.5 Diagnostic Methods
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1.6 Evaluation of the Dynamic Function of the PF Using 2D Ultrasound Imaging
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2 Methods
51
2.1 Coordinate System of the Anatomic Structures
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2.2 Motion Tracking Algorithms
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2.3 Image Segmentation Algorithms
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3 Results
55
3.1 Quantitative Analysis of the Static Characters of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle
57
3.2 Automatic Detection of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle
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3.3 Quantitative Analysis of the Dynamic Characters of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle
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3.4 Quantitative Measurement of Dynamic Parameters of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle
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3.5 The Kinematical Analysis of the Activities of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle
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3.6 Motion Tracking Algorithms
65
3.7 Visualization of the Dynamic Profiles of the Urethra
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3.8 Visualization of the Timing of the Dynamic Profiles
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4 Bio Mechanical Properties of Pelvic Floor Function Using the Vaginal Probe
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4.1 Temporal/Spatial Visualization
73
4.2 Resting Closure Profiles
73
5 Discussion
75
References
80
Population Exposure and Impact Assessment: Benefits of Modeling Urban Land Use in Very High Spatial and Thematic Detail
84
1 Introduction
84
2 Data and Study Area
85
2.1 Study Area
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2.2 Remote Sensing Data and Ancillary Space-Related Information
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3 Multi-Source Modeling of Functional Urban Patterns
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3.1 Object Based Image Analysis and Integrated Land Cover Classification
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3.2 Progressing from Land Cover to Land Use Assessment by Adding Ancillary Space-Related Information
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4 Spatial Analysis of Population Distribution Patterns
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5 Exposure and Impact Assessment
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5.1 Population Exposure to Earthquake Hazard
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5.2 Street Noise Propagation and Affected Population
94
6 Conclusion and Outlook
95
References
97
Dynamic Radiography Imaging as a Tool in the Design and Validation of a Novel Intelligent Amputee Socket
99
1 The Need for Novel Socket Designs in a Constantly Increasing Amputee Population
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2 Current State-of-the-Art Socket Evaluation Methodologies Are Inefficient in Assessing Trans-Tibial (TT) Socket Problems
100
3 Integrating Dynamic Radiographic Imaging with Computer-Aided Design and Computational Modeling in Socket Evaluation
103
4 SMARTsocket: An Example of Integration of Dynamic Imaging, CAD-CAE and FE Methods in Socket Evaluation
105
5 Conclusion
116
References
116
A Discrete Level Set Approach for Texture Analysis of Microscopic Liver Images
121
1 Introduction
121
2 Mathematical Formulation
123
2.1 Discrete Level Set Theory
123
2.2 Texture Analysis of Liver Tissue
125
2.3 The Proposed Algorithm
126
3 Morphological and Texture Parameters Identification
126
4 Numerical Results
127
5 Conclusions
130
References
131
Deformable and Functional Models
132
1 Introduction
132
2 Deformable Models
133
2.1 Energy-Minimizing Snakes
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2.2 Dynamic Snakes
135
2.3 Discretization and Numerical Simulation
136
2.4 Probabilistic (Bayesian) Interpretation
138
2.5 Higher-Dimensional Generalizations
139
2.5.1 Deformable Surfaces
139
2.6 Topology-Adaptive Deformable Models
140
2.6.1 Topology-Adaptive Snakes
140
2.6.2 Topology-Adaptive Deformable Surfaces
142
2.7 Deformable Organisms
143
3 Functional Models
145
3.1 Facial Simulation
146
3.2 Biomechanically Simulating and Controlling the Neck-Head-Face Complex
146
3.3 Comprehensive Biomechanical Simulation of the Human Body
147
4 Conclusion
148
References
149
Medical-GiD: From Medical Images to Simulations, 4D MRI Flow Analysis
151
1 Introduction
151
2 Methodology
152
2.1 Medical-GiD
152
2.2 Architecture Design
152
2.3 Magnetic Resonance
153
2.4 Segmentation and Meshing for Computational Simulations
154
3 Results
157
3.1 Aortic Blood Flow Analysis
157
3.2 Blood Flow Velocity Decoding
161
3.3 Numerical Simulation
161
4 Conclusion
163
References
165
KM and KHM Clustering Techniques for Colour Image Quantisation
167
1 Introduction
167
2 Clustering Techniques
168
2.1 KM Technique
168
2.2 KHM Technique
169
3 Tools for Evaluation of Quantisers
170
4 KM versus KHM: Comparison Tests
171
5 Choice of Initialisation Method
177
6 Empty Clusters
178
7 Conclusions
179
References
179
Caries Detection in Panoramic Dental X-ray Images
181
1 Introduction
181
1.1 Dental X-ray
181
1.2 Main Applications
182
1.3 Clinical Environments
182
1.4 Biometrics
182
1.5 Teeth Segmentation
183
1.6 Active Contours Without Edges
184
2 Main Goal/Motivation
185
3 Data-Set
186
3.1 Morphological Properties
186
4 Method
187
4.1 ROI Definition
187
4.2 Jaws Partition
188
4.3 Teeth Gap Valley Detection
189
4.4 Teeth Division
191
4.5 Tooth Segmentation
191
4.6 Dental Caries Classification
192
5 Results
193
5.1 Segmentation
193
5.2 Classification
193
6 Conclusion and Further Work
195
References
195
Noisy Medical Image Edge Detection Algorithm Based on a Morphological Gradient Using Uninorms
197
1 Introduction
197
2 Fuzzy Morphological Operators and Its Properties
199
3 The Proposed Edge Detector Algorithm
201
4 Experimental Results and Analysis
202
5 Conclusions and Future Work
210
References
212
Leveraging Graphics Hardware for an Automatic Classification of Bone Tissue
214
1 Introduction
215
2 Zernike Moments
216
2.1 Optimizations
217
2.2 Input Images
217
3 Using GPUs to Compute Zernike Moments
218
4 Performance Analysis
220
4.1 Hardware Resources
220
4.2 GPU Implementation
221
4.3 Performance Against Existing Methods
221
5 Classification of Bone Tissue Using Zernike Moments
223
5.1 The Biomedical Problem
223
5.2 A Preliminary Selection of Zernike Moments
224
5.3 Searching for the Optimal Vector of Features
225
5.3.1 Candidate Vectors
226
5.3.2 Classifiers Used
227
5.3.3 Training Samples and Input Tiles
227
5.3.4 Classification Results
228
5.3.5 The Rank of Favorite Zernike Moments
229
6 Summary and Conclusions
231
References
232
A Novel Template-Based Approach to the Segmentation of the Hippocampal Region
234
1 Introduction
235
2 The Pipeline
236
2.1 Images Dataset
236
2.2 Extraction of the Hippocampal Boxes
237
2.3 Selection of Templates
239
3 Constrained Gaussian Mixture Model Segmentation of the Brain
240
4 Hippocampal Mask Template Generation
240
4.1 STAPLE
241
4.1.1 The Algorithm
242
4.2 Our Strategy
243
4.2.1 Initialisation Strategy
243
4.2.2 Convergence Check
244
4.2.3 Model Parameters
246
5 Experimental Assessment
246
6 Conclusions
249
References
250
Model-Based Segmentation and Fusion of 3D Computed Tomography and 3D Ultrasound of the Eye for Radiotherapy Planning
252
1 Introduction
253
2 Related Works on Eye Segmentation
254
3 Eye Segmentation in the Active Contour Framework
256
3.1 Practical Implementation and Optimization Strategy
258
3.1.1 Eyeball Segmentation
258
3.1.2 Lens Segmentation
258
3.1.3 Optimization
259
3.2 Segmentation Results and Validation
260
4 Image Fusion
262
4.1 Landmark-Based Registration
263
4.2 Object-Based Transformation
265
5 Discussion
266
References
267
Flow of a Blood Analogue Solution Through Microfabricated Hyperbolic Contractions
269
1 Introduction
269
2 Experimental
271
2.1 Microchannel Geometry
271
2.2 Flow Visualization
272
2.3 Rheological Characterization
272
3 Results
275
3.1 Newtonian Fluid Flow Patterns
275
3.2 Viscoelastic Fluid Flow Patterns
278
4 Conclusions
281
References
283
Molecular Imaging of Hypoxia Using Genetic Biosensors
284
1 Introduction
285
1.1 Optical Methods in Molecular Imaging
285
1.2 Bioluminescence Resonant Energy Transfer (BRET)
286
1.3 Hypoxia as a Tumoral Aggresivity Marker in Cancer
286
2 Materials and Methods
287
2.1 Plasmid Construction
287
2.2 Cell Culture
288
2.3 Transfections
288
2.4 Luciferase Assay
288
2.5 Spectrophotometric Profile of the Fusion Protein
289
2.6 Confocal Microscopy
289
2.7 Fluorescence--Bioluminescence In Vivo Assays and Animal Care
289
3 Results
289
3.1 Outline of the Hypoxia Genetically Encoded Biosensor
289
3.2 Spectrophotometric Characterization of the Fusion Protein
290
3.3 In Vitro Inducible Response of the Biosensor to HIF-1
291
3.4 In Vivo Inducible Response of the Biosensor to HIF-1
292
3.5 In Vivo Bloluminiscence Resonance Energy Transfer Assessment
294
4 Discussion and Conclusions
295
References
297
Microscale Flow Dynamics of Red Blood Cells in Microchannels: An Experimental and Numerical Analysis
299
1 Introduction
300
2 Materials and Methods
300
2.1 Fabrication of the Microchannels
300
2.2 Working Fluids and Geometry of the Bifurcation
302
2.3 Confocal Micro-PTV Experimental Set-Up
303
2.4 Simulation Method
303
3 Results and Discussion
305
4 Limitations and Future Directions
309
5 Conclusions
309
References
310
Two Approaches for Automatic Nuclei Cell Counting in Low Resolution Fluorescence Images
312
1 Introduction
312
2 Related Work
314
3 The Proposed System
315
3.1 Acquisition
316
3.2 Preprocessing
316
3.3 Segmentation
318
3.3.1 Thresholding
319
3.3.2 Post Processing
319
3.4 Nuclei Counting
319
3.4.1 A First Approach, Based on Rules
320
3.4.2 The SVM Classifier Approach
321
4 Implementation and Tests
325
4.1 Implementation
325
4.2 Test Protocol
325
4.3 Results
326
5 Conclusion
326
References
326
Cerebral Aneurysms: A Patient-Specific and Image-Based Management Pipeline
328
1 Introduction
329
2 Patient-Specific and Image-Based Data Processing Pipeline
330
3 Anatomical Modeling: From Medical Images to Anatomical Models
331
4 Morphological Analysis: From Anatomical Models to Shape Descriptors
333
5 Morphodynamic Analysis: Evaluating Temporal Changes in Medical Images
333
5.1 Quantification of Volumetric Changes
334
5.2 Wall Motion Estimation
335
6 Structural Analysis: Estimating Aneurysm Wall Mechanical Properties
337
7 Computational Hemodynamic Analysis: From Anatomical Models to Personalized Flow Descriptors
338
8 Endovascular Device Modeling: From Anatomical Models to Treatment Assessment
339
8.1 Virtual Stenting
340
8.2 Virtual Coiling
341
9 Discussion
343
References
346
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