Suchen und Finden
Foreword
6
Preface
8
Contents
10
About the Contributors
12
Part I:Introduction
20
Chapter 1: Africa and Asia: Two of the World’s Fastest Growing Regions
21
1.1 Introduction
21
1.2 Understanding Africa
22
1.3 Understanding Asia
24
1.4 The Chapters
27
References
36
Part II:Climate Change and Urban Development
37
Chapter 2: Climate Change and Living Cities: Global Problems with Local Solutions
38
2.1 Introduction
38
2.2 Climate Change – Current Trends
39
2.2.1 Urbanisation and Growing Cities
40
2.3 How Cities Contribute Towards Climate Change
42
2.3.1 Impact of Climate Change on Cities
43
2.3.1.1 Impact on Health
43
2.3.1.2 Impact on Food Production
44
2.3.1.3 Impact on Coastal Areas
45
2.3.1.4 Impact on Water Resources
45
2.3.1.5 Impact on Infrastructure, Economic Growth and Development
46
2.4 Global Issues, Local Solutions
47
2.4.1 Mitigation and Adaptation
48
2.4.1.1 Adaptation
48
2.4.1.2 Mitigation
49
2.5 Living Cities – Better Governance and Better Infrastructure1
50
2.6 Conclusion
51
References
51
Chapter 3: Climate Change in the Context of Urban Development in Africa
53
3.1 Introduction
53
3.2 Africa and Climate Change
54
3.3 Urbanization and Urban Growth Trends in Africa
57
3.3.1 Impacts of Climate Change in the Context of African Urbanization
60
3.3.1.1 Agriculture and Food Security
61
3.3.1.2 Water, Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zones
62
3.3.2 Human Health
64
3.3.3 Rural–Urban Migration
65
3.4 Climate Change, Urban Development, and Adaptation: Policy Implications for Africa
66
3.5 Conclusion
68
References
69
Chapter 4: A Region of Contrasts: Urban Development, Housing and Poverty in Asia
72
4.1 Introduction
72
4.2 An Urbanizing Region
73
4.3 Managing Urban Development
77
4.4 Urban Poverty Reduction
79
4.5 Conclusion
80
References
82
Chapter 5: The Effects of Climate Change on Urban Human Settlements in Africa
84
5.1 Introduction
84
5.2 Africa – General Overview
85
5.3 The Impact of Climate Change on Urban Human Settlements in Africa
87
5.3.1 Impacts of Climate Change on African Urban Settlements
88
5.3.2 Impacts of Climate Change and Natural Disasters on Urban Settlements
89
5.3.3 The Impacts of Flooding
90
5.3.4 Who Are the Worst Affected Urbanites?
91
5.4 The Rise of Sea Level and Impact on Urban Human Settlements
92
5.4.1 Constraints on Water Supplies and Other Key Natural Resources
92
5.4.1.1 Climate Change and Its Effects on Rural – Urban Migration
94
5.4.2 Impact on Human Health
94
5.4.2.1 Threats to City’s Infrastructure and Property
95
5.4.2.2 Water Pollution
97
5.4.2.3 Air Pollution
97
5.4.2.4 Dust and Sand Storm
98
5.4.2.5 Drought
99
5.4.2.6 Higher Temperatures and Heat Waves
99
5.4.2.7 Food Security
99
5.5 Government Response to Climate Change at the City Level
100
5.6 General Efforts to Combat Climate Change Effects in the African Continent
101
5.6.1 International Agreements
102
5.6.2 Regional Initiatives and Programmes
102
5.6.3 Action at City Level: Current Experiences and Lessons on Adaptation
103
5.6.4 The Built Environment
103
5.6.5 Climate Change and Urban Planning and Design Adaptation
104
5.6.6 Energy Supply and Consumption
105
5.6.7 Managing High Temperatures
107
5.6.8 Managing Flood Risks
107
5.6.9 Managing Water Resources and Quality
108
5.6.10 Transport and Climate Change in African Cities
108
5.6.11 Lure People from Cars to Non-motorised Transport (NMT)
109
5.6.12 Planning for Pedestrians
110
5.6.12.1 Natural Disaster Preparedness
110
5.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
111
References
113
Part III:Climate Change and Housing:Case Studies from Africa and Asia
116
Chapter 6: Climate Change and the Housing Environment in Ghana
117
6.1 Introduction
117
6.2 Geographical Location and Socioeconomic Trends
117
6.3 Recent Trends in Climate Change in Ghana, and Other Major Concerns
119
6.4 Urban Housing in Ghana
122
6.5 Climate Change and Housing in Ghanaian Cities
125
6.6 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations
128
References
129
Chapter 7: Creating a Sustainable Living Environment for Public Housing in Singapore
131
7.1 Introduction
131
7.2 Sustainable Development and Public Housing in Singapore
132
7.2.1 Impetus for Sustainable Development – Effects of Climate Change
132
7.2.2 Overview of Public Housing in Singapore
133
7.2.2.1 Sustainable Development Strategies for Public Housing
134
7.2.3 Comprehensive Town Planning Process
134
7.2.4 Integrated Development Process
135
7.2.4.1 Design
136
7.2.4.2 Construction
136
7.2.4.3 Maintenance
136
7.2.5 Community Involvement
136
7.2.6 Research and Development Excellence
136
7.3 Mitigating Climate Change
137
7.3.1 Promoting Energy Efficiency
137
7.3.1.1 Optimising Passive Design Strategies
137
7.3.1.2 Active Design Strategies
138
7.3.1.3 Test-Bedding of Renewable Energy Sources
138
7.3.2 Reducing Urban Heat Island Effect
139
7.3.3 Promoting Sustainable Construction
139
7.4 Driving Sustainable Development Efforts to New Heights
140
7.4.1 Eco-Precinct
140
7.4.2 Eco-Districts
140
7.5 Conclusion
141
References
142
Chapter 8: Climatic Change and Housing Issues in South Africa
143
8.1 Introduction
143
8.2 Geographical Location and Socio-Economic Trends
144
8.2.1 Socio-Economic Trends
145
8.3 Development Policy Framework
147
8.4 Global Climate Agreements
149
8.5 Environmental Policy Goals of South Africa
150
8.5.1 Analysis of the Effects and Causes of Climate Change
151
8.6 Housing Policy and Strategy in Post-Apartheid South Africa
152
8.7 Impact of Climate Change on Housing and Human Settlements
155
8.8 Achievements of Policies and Major Challenges
157
8.8.1 Institutional Arrangements to Combat Climate Change
159
8.8.1.1 The National Environmental Advisory Forum
160
8.8.1.2 The Committee for Environmental Co-ordination
160
8.9 Lessons Learnt
160
8.9.1 Poorly Located Land
161
8.9.2 Squatting
162
8.9.3 Sub-Tenants and Backyard Shack Dwellers
162
8.10 Conclusion
163
References
164
Chapter 9: Climate Change and Sustainable Housing in Uganda
167
9.1 Introduction
167
9.2 Geographical Location
168
9.2.1 Socioeconomic Trends
168
9.3 Recent Trends in Climatic Change
168
9.3.1 Global Climate Agreements and Their Impact on Uganda
170
9.3.1.1 Evidence of Climatic Change in Uganda
171
9.3.1.2 Climatic Change and the Major Concerns
172
9.3.1.3 Analysis of the Causes and Effects of Climate Change
172
9.3.1.4 Effects or Impacts of Climate Change on Housing and Liveable Cities
174
9.4 Environmental Policy Goals in Uganda
175
9.4.1 Achievements of These Goals and Major Challenges
176
9.4.1.1 Institutional Arrangements to Combat Climate Change in Uganda
176
9.5 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations
176
9.5.1 Uganda’s Progress on MDGs
177
9.5.1.1 Possible Initiatives at the City/Country Levels
178
9.5.1.2 Mitigation and Adaptation Initiatives
178
9.6 Recommendations and Experiences
179
References
179
Chapter 10: Housing and Climate Change: Adaptation Strategies in Vietnam
181
10.1 Introduction
181
10.2 Vietnam’s Development and Climate
181
10.2.1 Geographical Location and Socioeconomic Trends
182
10.2.2 Climate and Recent Trends in Climate Change
182
10.3 Global Climate Agreements and Their Impact on Vietnam
185
10.3.1 Climate Change and Major Concerns
187
10.3.1.1 Impacts of Climate Change on Economic Development and the Poor
187
10.3.1.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Housing and Liveable Cities
187
10.3.1.3 Institutional Arrangement to Combat Climate Change in Vietnam
190
10.4 Vietnam’s Policy on Environment
191
10.4.1 Vietnam’s Policy on Climate Change
192
10.4.2 Achievement of These Policies and Major Challenges
193
10.4.3 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations
196
10.4.4 Initiatives and Progress Made in Relation to the MDGs
197
10.5 Recommendations and Experiences to Be Shared with Other Countries
198
10.5.1 Effective Mechanisms for Coordination and Adaptive Capacity
199
10.5.2 Partnerships, Public Participation and Local Communities
199
10.5.3 Mainstreaming the Integration of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction into Socio-Economic Development
200
10.5.4 Resources Requirements
200
10.6 Annex
201
References
204
Part IV:Climate Change and Its Effect on Cities:Case Studies from Africa and Asia
207
Chapter 11: Climate Change and Cities’ Actions in China
208
11.1 Introduction
208
11.2 Climate Change Trends in China
208
11.2.1 Impact on Socioeconomic Development of the Country, Particularly on Poverty
209
11.2.2 Impact on Agriculture and Livestock Breeding
209
11.2.3 Impact on Forestry and Other Natural Ecosystems
209
11.2.4 Impact on Water Resources
210
11.2.5 Impact on Coastal Zones
210
11.2.6 Impact on Society, Economy and Other Fields
210
11.3 Global Climate Agreements and Their Impact on the Country
210
11.3.1 Major Challenges to China’s Climate Change Prospects
211
11.3.2 Challenges on Conservation and Development of Forest and Other Natural Resources
212
11.3.3 Long-Term Challenges on Adaptation to Climate Change in China’s Agricultural Sector
212
11.3.4 New Challenges on China’s Water Resources Development and Conservation in Terms of Adapting to Climatic Change
212
11.3.5 Challenges on China’s Coastal Regions in Terms of Adapting to Climate Change
213
11.4 Measures for Addressing Climate Change in China
213
11.4.1 Efforts to Save Energy and Raise Energy Efficiency
214
11.4.2 Developing Renewable Energy and Optimizing the Energy Mix
215
11.4.3 Developing a Recycling Economy to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
215
11.4.4 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture and Countryside
216
11.4.5 Promoting Afforestation and Strengthening the Capacity of Carbon Sinks
216
11.4.6 Intensifying R&D Efforts to Deal with Climate Change
217
11.5 Adapting to Climate Change
218
11.5.1 Agriculture
218
11.5.2 Forests and Other Natural Ecosystems
218
11.5.3 Water Resources
219
11.5.4 Coastal Zones and Coastal Regions
219
11.5.5 Enhancing the Capacity of Adaptation to Climate Change
219
11.5.6 Institutional Arrangements to Combat Climate Change in China
220
11.6 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations
222
11.7 Conclusion
222
References
223
Chapter 12: Climate Change and Its Effect on Cities of Eastern African Countries
224
12.1 Introduction
224
12.2 Climate Change Effects on the Cities of East Africa
225
12.2.1 Floods
226
12.3 Increased Population and Development
227
12.3.1 Poverty
227
12.3.2 Increased Energy Costs
228
12.3.2.1 Impact on Social and Physical Infrastructure
229
12.3.2.2 Impact on Human Health
229
12.3.2.3 Food Security
229
12.4 On-Going and Proposed Actions
230
12.4.1 Mitigation
230
12.4.2 Adaptation
231
12.5 Conclusion
232
References
232
Chapter 13: Climate Change and Liveable Cities in Malaysia
234
13.1 Introduction
234
13.2 Liveability Cities
234
13.3 Geographical Location and Socioeconomic Trends in Malaysia
235
13.3.1 Population and Urbanisation
236
13.3.2 Economic Trends
236
13.3.3 Land Utilization
236
13.4 Climate Change Scenarios in Malaysia
236
13.4.1 Temperature and Precipitation
236
13.4.2 Sea-Level Rise
238
13.5 Impacts on Socioeconomic Development
239
13.5.1 Coastal Resources
239
13.5.2 Agriculture
239
13.5.3 Forestry
239
13.5.4 Water Resources
240
13.5.5 Human Settlements and Land Use
240
13.6 Has Malaysia Experienced the Impacts of Climate Change?
240
13.7 Malaysia’s Initiatives
242
13.7.1 Environmental Policy Goals of the Government
242
13.7.1.1 Physical Planning Initiatives in Relation to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
243
13.7.2 National Physical Plan
244
13.7.3 National Urbanization Policy
247
13.7.4 Land Use Planning Appraisal for Risk Areas (LUPAr)
247
13.7.5 Malaysian Urban Indicator Network (MURNI-Net)
247
13.7.6 Green Building Initiatives
248
13.7.7 Green Building Rating Tools
248
13.7.8 Smart and Cool Homes Technology
248
13.8 Institutional Arrangements to Combat Climate Change
250
13.8.1 National Steering/Coordinating Committee
250
13.8.2 Cabinet Committee on Climate Change
250
13.8.3 Steering Committees
250
13.8.4 State Governments and Local Authorities
251
13.9 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations
251
13.9.1 Mainstreaming Policies and Strategies Within a Trans-Disciplinary Framework
251
13.9.2 Strengthening the Role of Physical Planning in Climate Change Responses
252
13.9.3 Effective Participation
252
13.9.4 Intensify Climate Related Research and Development and Capacity Building of Human Resources
253
13.9.5 International Involvement: Common but Differentiated Responsibility
253
13.10 Conclusion
253
References
254
Chapter 14: Climate Change and Its Effect on Urban Housing and Liveable Cities: The Case of Harare, Zimbabwe
255
14.1 Introduction
255
14.2 Zimbabwe and Its Environs
256
14.3 Recent Trends of Climate Change in Zimbabwe
257
14.3.1 Causes and Effects of Climate Change
258
14.4 Impact of Climate Change on Harare
260
14.4.1 Flooding
260
14.4.2 High Temperatures
261
14.4.3 Drought
262
14.4.4 Deforestation
263
14.4.5 Pollution
265
14.5 Legislation and Its Impact
267
14.6 The Way Forward
269
14.7 Conclusion
273
References
273
Index
275
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.