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Contents
16
Introduction to Enterprise Services and Cloud Resources
23
1.1 Introduction to Enterprises
24
1.1.1 Enterprise Resources
24
1.1.2 Enterprise Architecture
25
1.2 Definitions of Cloud, Services, and Ecosystem
29
1.2.1 The Cloud
29
1.2.2 Cloud Services
30
1.2.3 Cloud Technologies
31
1.2.4 Cloud Ecosystem
32
1.3 History of Cloud and Enterprise Services
37
1.3.1 Initial Establishment
38
1.3.2 Early Developments
39
1.3.3 Recent Major Developments
40
1.3.4 Network-Centric Operations
42
1.4 Cloud Enablers
44
1.4.1 Service Architecture and Abstraction
45
1.4.1.1 Service-Oriented Architecture
45
1.4.1.2 Service Abstraction
47
1.4.2 Virtualization
48
1.4.2.1 Virtual Platform
49
1.4.2.2 Virtual Network
49
1.4.2.3 Virtual Database
50
1.4.2.4 Virtual Application
50
1.4.3 Web Technologies
51
1.4.3.1 Web 1.0
51
1.4.3.2 Web 2.0
52
1.4.3.3 Web 3.0
53
1.4.4 Key Cloud Characteristics
54
1.5 Enterprise Transformation
56
1.5.1 People and Organization
57
1.5.2 Process
59
1.5.3 Technology
59
1.6 General Framework & Book Origination
60
References
63
Cloud Service Business Scenarios and Market Analysis
65
2.1 Overview
65
2.2 Cloud Use Cases and Applications
67
2.2.1 Public Cloud
68
2.2.2 Community Cloud
69
2.2.3 Private Cloud
70
2.2.4 Hybrid Cloud
70
2.3 General Information Technologies
71
2.3.1 Software Services
76
2.3.2 Platform Services
77
2.3.3 Infrastructure Services
78
2.4 Commercial Markets and Applications
78
2.4.1 Marketing
80
2.4.2 Sales
82
2.4.3 Finance
82
2.4.4 Financial Industry
83
2.4.5 Telecommunications Industry
84
2.5 US Government and Defense
86
2.5.1 Federal Chief Information Officers Council
87
2.5.2 General Services Administration (GSA)
89
2.5.3 National Business Center (NBC)
89
2.5.4 National Institute of Standards and Technology
91
2.5.5 The U.S. Department Of Defense
92
2.6 Scientific, Educational, and Others
97
2.6.1 US Department of Energy (DOE) and Magellan
98
2.6.2 NASA Nebula
99
2.6.3 Education
101
2.6.4 Other International Organizations
103
2.7 Conclusion
106
References
107
Cloud Service Architecture and Related Standards
109
3.1 Overview
110
3.2 Types of Cloud Services
113
3.2.1 Software as a Service
113
3.2.2 Platform as a Service
116
3.2.3 Infrastructure as a Service/Hardware as a Service
118
3.3 Holistic Enterprise Architecture and Cloud Services
122
3.3.1 Service and Business Layer
123
3.3.2 Data and Information Layer
123
3.3.3 Integration Layer
124
3.3.4 Technology and Tool Layer
124
3.4 Enterprise Architecture and Cloud Transformations
125
3.4.1 Enterprise Architecture Styles
125
3.4.2 Architecture Transformation
127
3.4.2.1 Transforming Existing Architectures
127
3.4.2.2 Addressing Architecture Layering and Partitioning
128
3.4.2.3 Benefits of Transformations
130
3.5 Cloud Architectures and Vendor Implementations
131
3.5.1 Public Cloud
132
3.5.2 Private Cloud
133
3.5.3 Hybrid Cloud
135
3.6 Cloud Related Standards and Forums
136
3.6.1 Open Grid Forum
136
3.6.2 Open Virtualization Format
137
3.6.3 HTTP
138
3.6.4 XML and JSON
139
3.6.5 AJAX
139
3.6.6 HTML5
140
3.6.7 Web Syndication
140
3.6.8 XMPP
142
3.6.9 REST
143
3.6.10 Security and Data Privacy Standards
144
3.6.10.1 OAuth
144
3.6.10.2 OpenID
145
3.6.10.3 SSL/TLS
146
3.7 Enterprise Transformation Implications
147
3.7.1 Information Framework
150
3.7.2 Process Framework
151
3.7.3 Service Level Management
151
3.8 Conclusion
152
References
152
Challenges of Enterprise Cloud Services
155
4.1 Overview
156
4.2 Non-Technical Challenges
159
4.2.1 Financial
160
4.2.2 Enterprise Scalability
160
4.2.2.1 Software Licensing
161
4.2.3 Business Operations
163
4.2.4 Organizational
164
4.3 Software Services Perspective
165
4.3.1 User Data
165
4.3.1.1 Accessibility
166
4.3.2 Data and Applications
167
4.3.3 Integrity
167
4.3.3.1 Portability
168
4.3.3.2 Interoperability
169
4.3.3.3 Software Services
169
4.3.3.4 Agility
170
4.3.3.5 Flexibility
170
4.3.3.6 Adoptability
171
4.4 Platform Services Perspective
172
4.4.1 Data and Information
172
4.4.1.1 Information Management
172
4.4.2 Platform Service Framework
174
4.4.2.1 Scalability
174
4.4.2.2 Portability
175
4.4.2.3 Tool Availability
175
4.4.3 Platform Integration
176
4.4.3.1 Level of Virtualization
176
4.4.3.2 Limitations
176
4.5 Infrastructure Services Perspective
177
4.5.1 General Infrastructure
178
4.5.1.1 Automation and Commoditization
179
4.5.1.2 Network Capacity and Mobility
179
4.5.1.3 Data Movement and Integrity
180
4.5.1.4 Bug in Large-Scale Distributed Systems
181
4.5.2 Service Performance
182
4.5.2.1 Availability and Reliability
182
4.5.2.2 QoS Governance
183
4.6 Security Challenges
183
4.6.1 Data
185
4.6.1.1 Ownership
186
4.6.1.2 States
188
4.6.1.3 Anonymity
188
4.6.2 Secured Access
190
4.6.2.1 Two-Factor Authentication
190
4.6.2.2 Single Sign-On
190
4.6.3 Data Governance
191
4.6.3.1 Information Lifecycle Management
192
4.6.4 Data Leakage
193
4.6.4.1 Lack of Smart Data with Embedded Policies
194
4.6.5 Security Framework
194
4.6.5.1 Lack of Transparent Solutions
194
4.6.5.2 Insufficient User Provisioning
195
4.7 Operational and Management Challenges
195
4.7.1 Strategy and Service Planning
196
4.7.1.1 Expertise to Plan for Cloud Technology
197
4.7.1.2 Multiple Tenancy Impacts
197
4.7.1.3 Failure Management
199
4.7.1.4 Vendors Issues
200
4.7.2 Service Fulfillment
201
4.7.2.1 Cross-Cloud Processes and Policy Coordination
201
4.7.2.2 SLA Definition and Negotiation
202
4.7.3 Service Assurance
203
4.7.3.1 Monitoring
204
4.7.3.2 Governance and Compliance
204
4.8 Conclusion
206
References
207
Networked Service Management
210
5.1 Overview
210
5.2 Software as a Service
211
5.2.1 Software as a Service Licensing Models
211
5.2.2 Transforming Enterprise Architectures to Service-Centric Architectures
212
5.2.3 Enterprise Integration Architecture to Access Software as a Service Applications
214
5.2.3.1 Integration Brokers
215
5.2.3.2 Identity Integration
217
5.2.4 Enterprise Composition Architecture to Access Software as a Service Applications
219
5.2.5 Transformation Reference Architecture for Enterprises
220
5.2.6 SaaS Data Architecture
224
5.2.6.1 Separate Databases
224
5.2.6.2 Shared Database, Separate Schemas
225
5.2.6.3 Shared Database, Shared Schema
225
5.3 Hardware as a Service/Infrastructure as a Service
226
5.3.1 IaaS Hierarchy
226
5.3.2 POD Architecture
228
5.3.3 Transforming Enterprises to Use IaaS
229
5.3.3.1 Packaging and Distribution of Software
229
5.3.3.2 Browsing APIs
231
5.3.3.3 Provisioning APIs
232
5.3.3.4 Datacenter Operations APIs
233
5.4 Platform as a Service
234
5.4.1 Implications of PaaS on Transforming Enterprises
234
5.4.1.1 Software Development
234
5.4.1.2 Service Delivery
235
5.4.1.3 Collaboration
235
5.4.2 Example PaaS Techniques
235
5.4.2.1 Software Development
236
5.4.2.2 Collaboration
236
5.4.3 Public Cloud vs. Private Cloud
236
5.4.3.1 Reference Architecture for PaaS Private Cloud
237
5.4.3.2 PaaS Private Cloud Life-Cycle
238
5.4.3.3 SOA, BPM, and UI
239
5.4.3.4 Identity Management and Systems Management
240
5.5 Service Definition and Instance Management
240
5.5.1 Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure
241
5.5.2 Virtualization-Optimized Cloud Infrastructure
243
5.6 Service Level and Quality Management
244
5.6.1 Specification of Service and Quality Levels
245
5.6.2 Cloud Service Level and Quality Management Architecture
249
5.7 Conclusion
249
References
250
Cross-Domain Policy-Based Management
252
6.1 Overview
253
6.2 PBM Benefits and Potential Applications
254
6.2.1 The Benefits and Business Drivers of PBM
255
6.2.2 PBM Support OSS and BSS
255
6.3 PBM Standards and Commercial Implementations
257
6.3.1 TM Forum SID’s Policy Aggregate Business Entities
257
6.3.2 IETF Policy Workgroup
261
6.3.3 Market Players
262
6.4 Policy and Management Framework
264
6.4.1 Policy Template
265
6.4.2 Policy Implementation and Usage
266
6.4.2.1 Policy Domain, Conditions, and Entities
266
6.4.2.2 Policy Management Processes
268
6.4.3 Policy Management and Policy Engine
269
6.5 Transforming PBM to a Cloud Environment
270
6.5.1 Cloud-Focused Policy Stack
271
6.5.2 Design Considerations
274
6.5.3 Implementation Considerations
275
6.5.4 Service Policy and SLA
277
6.5.5 Service Policy and Resource Allocations
279
6.5.6 Security in Cloud Policy Management
279
6.6 Externalizing Policy and Management
281
6.6.1 Policy Negotiation
282
6.6.2 Automated Policy Negotiation
285
6.6.3 Policy Adaptation
287
6.7 Conclusion
290
References
291
Building and Configuring Enterprise Cloud Services
293
7.1 Overview
294
7.2 Design Principles and Deployment Options
296
7.2.1 Service Automation
297
7.2.1.1 Systems Management Drivers
297
7.2.1.2 Applications Management Driver
297
7.2.2 Adapting to High Utilization and Rapid Growth
299
7.2.2.1 Consolidation and Virtualization
299
7.2.2.2 Automation and Optimized Virtualization
300
7.2.2.3 Service Federation
300
7.2.2.4 Consolidation of Management Information
301
7.3 Standards-Based Business Process Framework
301
7.3.1 The ITIL and eTOM Frameworks
302
7.3.2 Level Zero Key Concept
302
7.3.3 Level One Processes
303
7.3.4 Level Two and Three Processes
305
7.3.5 Improvements to Current eTOM for Cloud Services
308
7.4 Standards-Based Information Framework
309
7.4.1 The SID Business View
309
7.4.2 SID Domains and Level One ABEs
311
7.4.3 Service Domains and Level Two ABEs
311
7.4.4 Improvements to the Current SID for Cloud Services
312
7.5 Technology-Neutral, Service-Centric Architecture
313
7.5.1 Next-generation Datacenter Management
314
7.5.2 Architectural Planning, Simplification, and Transformation
315
7.5.2.1 Using eTOM and SID
316
7.5.2.2 Framework-based SOA Methodology
318
7.5.2.3 Dynamic Cloud Active Catalog
319
7.5.2.4 Policy-Oriented Business and Risk Management
322
7.5.2.5 Cloud Service Monitoring and Management
322
7.5.2.6 Configuration Management
323
7.6 Conclusion
327
Reference
327
Service Monitoring and Quality Assurance
329
8.1 Overview
329
8.2 Enterprise Quality and Performance
330
8.2.1 Service Level Agreements, Enterprises, and Customer Experiences
330
8.2.2 Key Quality Indicators and Key Performance Indicators
333
8.2.3 Sample Key Quality Indicators and Key Performance Indicators
334
8.2.4 Quality Equations and Measurement
336
8.3 Service Quality Management
338
8.3.1 Value-Chain SQM
339
8.3.2 SQM Metrics
342
8.4 Probes
343
8.5 SLA Management and Reporting
344
8.5.1 SLA Monitoring and Reporting Process
345
8.5.2 SLA Reporting Mechanisms
346
8.6 Enterprise SLA Negotiation
347
8.6.1 SLA Development Process
347
8.6.2 Form of an Enterprise SLA
349
8.7 Policies and Monitoring
352
8.7.1 Monitoring Agents
354
8.7.2 Manageability and Operability
356
8.8 Conclusion
358
References
360
Security for Enterprise Cloud Services
361
9.1 Overview
362
9.2 Security for Cloud Services and Infrastructure
363
9.2.1 Authorization and Role-Based Access Control
363
9.2.1.1 Access Management Architecture
363
9.2.1.2 Implementation of Credential-Based RBACs in Cloud Infrastructure
365
9.2.2 Cloud Security Services
367
9.2.2.1 Export Control Policies
367
9.2.2.2 Cloud Infrastructure to Support Public Key Algorithms
368
9.2.2.3 Cloud Infrastructure to Support Secret Key Algorithms
368
9.2.2.4 Cloud Infrastructure to Support Hash and Message Digest Algorithms
369
9.2.3 Integration of Role-Based Architecture in the Web
369
9.3 Security for Enterprises that Use Cloud Services
370
9.3.1 Federated Identity Management Architecture
371
9.3.2 Side Channel Attacks and Counter-Measures
373
9.3.2.1 Threat Model
373
9.3.2.2 Exploiting Placement Locality
374
9.3.2.3 Cross-Virtual Machine Information Leakage
375
9.3.2.4 Counter-Measures
376
9.4 Intrusion Detection in Cloud Computing
376
9.4.1 Types of Raw Data Collected
379
9.4.2 Distributed Intrusion Detection Architecture
380
9.4.3 Fusion-Based Intrusion Detection Systems
382
9.4.3.1 Functional Data Fusion Process Model
382
9.4.3.2 Data Fusion Architectures
385
9.5 Security for Cloud Service Management
388
9.5.1 Security for APIs
388
9.5.2 Security for Service Containers
389
9.6 Measures for Cross-Virtual Machine Security
392
9.6.1 Virtual Machine Security
392
9.6.2 File System Security Management
393
9.6.2.1 Self-certifying Pathnames
394
9.6.2.2 Server Key Management
395
9.6.3 Virtual Machine Image Security
396
9.7 Conclusion
398
References
402
Enterprise Cloud Service Applications and Transformations
405
10.1 Overview
406
10.2 Business and Technology Transformation
408
10.2.1 Establish Strategic Promises
408
10.2.2 Plan for New Business Models
412
10.2.3 Establish a Technical Innovation Culture
414
10.3 The New Form of Software and Service
415
10.3.1 End Users’ Expectations
416
10.3.2 Expanding Service Categories
416
10.3.3 More Destiny Sharing Interactions
417
10.3.4 Evolving Web Applications
417
10.3.5 Integrating Enterprise SaaS with Cloud Services
418
10.4 Platform Integrations and Collaborations
419
10.4.1 New Applications Development Functions
419
10.4.2 Software Development Standards
420
10.4.3 New Software Packaging Focus
421
10.4.4 New Relationship with Hardware Resources
421
10.4.5 Integrating Enterprise and Cloud PaaS
422
10.5 Infrastructure Transformations
422
10.5.1 Customizable Service Resources
423
10.5.2 Improved Infrastructure
423
10.5.3 Customer Portal and Rapid Provisioning
424
10.5.4 Integrating Enterprise and Cloud IaaS
424
10.6 Cloud Management and Operational Framework
425
10.6.1 Management Paradigms
425
10.6.2 Service Management Automation
426
10.6.3 Changing Process Management
427
10.6.4 Integrating Enterprise and Cloud Governance
428
10.6.5 Integrating Enterprise and Cloud Quality Assurance
429
10.7 Cloud Security and Information Assurance
431
10.7.1 New Applications of Information Assurance
431
10.7.2 Security in Different Service Layers
433
10.8 Final Notes
435
Reference
435
Index
438
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