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Neritic Carbonate Sediments in a Temperate Realm - Southern Australia
von: Noel P. James, Yvonne Bone
Springer-Verlag, 2010
ISBN: 9789048192892 , 254 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 96,29 EUR
Contents
8
Introduction
14
1.1 Scientific Approach
14
1.2 Scope
14
1.3 Data Base
17
1.4 Data Acquisition and Methodology
17
Setting
20
2.1 Geology & Tectonics
20
2.1.1 Introduction
20
2.1.2 Pre-Mesozoic Craton
20
2.1.3 Australian Southern Rift System
20
2.1.4 Cenozoic Continental Margin Wedge
22
2.1.5 Tectonic Inversion
23
2.2 Meteorology & Climate
24
2.2.1 Introduction
24
2.2.2 Anticyclonic Highs
26
2.2.3 Mid-Latitude Depressions
27
2.2.4 Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes)
27
2.2.5 Temperature, Precipitation and Evapotranspiration
27
2.3 Oceanography
28
2.3.1 Introduction
28
2.3.2 Sea State
28
2.3.3 Oceanographic Zones
29
2.3.3.1 Antarctic Region or Zone
29
2.3.3.2 Subantarctic Region or Zone
29
2.3.3.3 Subtropical Convergence Zone
29
2.3.4 Water Masses
31
2.3.4.1 Antarctic Bottom Water
31
2.3.4.2 Circumpolar Deep Water
32
2.3.4.3 Antarctic Intermediate Water
32
2.3.4.4 Subantarctic Mode Water
32
2.3.4.5 Surface Waters
32
2.3.5 Current Systems
33
2.3.5.1 General Aspects
33
2.3.5.2 Open Ocean
33
2.3.5.3 Continental Margin
33
2.3.5.4 Flinders Current System
33
2.3.5.5 Leeuwin Current System
34
2.3.6 Tidal Currents and Internal Waves
35
2.3.7 Seasonal Variability and Trophic Resources
35
2.4 Synopsis
36
The Pleistocene Record
38
3.1 Introduction
38
3.2 The Continental Slope Record
39
3.2.1 Slope Sedimentation
39
3.2.2 Biogenic Mounds
41
3.3 The Highstand Aeolianite Record
45
3.4 The Spencer Gulf and Gulf St. Vincent Record
46
3.5 The Continental Shelf Record
47
3.5.1 Overview
47
3.5.2 Relict Particles
50
3.5.3 Stranded Particles
51
3.5.4 Late Pleistocene Shelf Paleoenvironments
52
3.6 Synopsis
54
The Neritic Carbonate Factory
58
4.1 Introduction
58
4.2 Biogenic Sediment Production
58
4.2.1 Seagrass and Macroalgae
59
4.2.1.1 Seagrasses
60
4.2.1.2 Macroalgae
61
4.2.2 Calcareous Algae
64
4.2.2.1 Red Calcareous Algae
64
4.2.2.2 Calcareous Green Algae
67
4.2.2.3 Sedimentology
67
4.2.3 Bryozoans
67
4.2.3.1 Introduction
67
4.2.3.2 Classification
68
4.2.3.3 Encrusting Colonies
69
4.2.3.4 Robust Rigid Colonies
71
4.2.3.5 Delicate Rigid Colonies
72
4.2.3.6 Delicate Flexible Colonies
72
4.2.3.7 Disc—Shaped Colonies
74
4.2.3.8 Importance of Substrate
74
4.2.3.9 Depth Limits of Living Bryozoans
75
4.2.3.10 Sedimentology
75
4.2.3.11 Mineralogy
75
4.2.4 Molluscs
75
4.2.4.1 Gastropods
75
4.2.4.2 Bivalves
77
4.2.4.3 Contribution to Sediment
77
4.2.5 Foraminifers
79
4.2.5.1 Planktonic Foraminifers
79
4.2.5.2 Benthic Foraminifers
79
4.2.5.3 General Distribution
79
4.2.6 Echinoderms
81
4.2.7 Barnacles
81
4.2.8 Calcareous Worms
81
4.2.9 Ostracods
81
4.2.10 Coccoliths
81
4.2.11 Sponges
81
4.2.12 Ascidians
82
4.3 Other Components
82
4.3.1 Corals
82
4.3.2 Brachiopods
83
4.4 Authigenic Mineral Particles
83
4.4.1 Glauconite
83
4.5 Detrital Grains
83
4.5.1 Siliciclastic Particles
83
4.5.2 Dolomite
84
4.5.3 Older Cenozoic Carbonates
84
4.6 Synopsis
84
Marginal Marine Deposystems
86
5.1 Introduction
86
5.2 Setting
86
5.3 Rocky Peritidal
86
5.4 Barrier Island—Aeolianite—Lagoon—Saline Lake Complexes
88
5.4.1 Beaches
88
5.4.2 Aeolianite Dunes
91
5.4.3 Lagoons
92
5.4.4 Lakes
93
5.5 Muddy Tidal Flats
94
5.6 Synopsis
96
Neritic Sedimentary Facies
97
6.1 Introduction
97
6.2 Megafacies C—Recent Carbonate
97
6.2.1 Grainy Carbonate Facies
97
6.2.1.1 Facies C1—Bryozoan Sand and Gravel
97
6.2.1.2 Facies C2—Skeletal Sand and Gravel
108
6.2.1.3 Facies C3—Coralline Gravel
109
6.2.1.4 Facies C4—Encrusted Rocky Substrate
109
6.2.1.5 Facies C5—Articulated Coralline and Intraclast Sand
110
6.2.1.6 Facies C6—Fine Skeletal Sand
110
6.2.1.7 Facies C7—Delicate Branching Bryozoan Muddy Sand
111
6.2.1.8 Facies C8—Scaphopod, Pteropod Sand and Mud
111
6.2.1.9 Facies C9—Mollusc, Coralline, Benthic Foraminifer Gravel, Sand and Mud
111
6.2.2 Muddy Carbonate Facies
112
6.2.2.1 Facies C10—Bivalve Muds
112
6.2.2.2 Facies C11—Spiculitic Skeletal Sandy Mud
112
6.2.2.3 Facies C12—Coral–Arborescent Bryozoan Gravel and Mud
113
6.3 Megafacies M—Relict-Rich Carbonate
113
6.3.1 Facies M1—Relict-Rich Skeletal Sand and Gravel.
113
6.3.2 Facies M2—Relict-Rich Quartzose Skeletal Sand and Gravel
114
6.3.3 Facies M3—Relict-Rich Molluscan sand
114
6.3.4 Facies M4—Relict-Rich Bryozoan Sand
115
6.3.5 Facies M5—Relict-Rich Fine Skeletal Sand
115
6.4 Megafacies R—Relict Carbonate
116
6.4.1 Facies R1—Relict Sand
116
6.4.2 Facies R2—Mollusc-Rich Relict Sand
117
6.4.3 Facies R3—Bryozoan-Rich Relict Sand
117
6.4.4 Facies R4—Limestone Gravel
118
6.5 Megafacies Q—Quartz Sand
118
6.5.1 Facies Q1—Calcareous Quartz Sand
118
6.6 Megafacies B—Biosiliceous Mud
119
6.6.1 Facies B1—Spiculitic Peloidal Siliciclastic Mud
119
6.7 Synopsis
119
Neritic Depositional Environments
121
7.1 Introduction
121
7.2 Shallow Neritic Environments
123
7.2.1 Setting
123
7.3 Middle Neritic Environments
131
7.3.1 Setting
131
7.4 Deep Neritic Environments and Facies
135
7.4.1 Setting
135
7.4.2 Epibenthic Scrub
135
7.5 Upper Slope Environments and Facies
137
7.5.1 Setting
137
7.5.2 Epibenthic Turf
137
7.5.3 Burrowed Mud Barren
137
7.6 Synopsis
137
The Southwestern Shelf
140
8.1 Introduction
140
8.2 The Albany Shelf
140
8.2.1 General Attributes
140
8.2.2 Oceanography
140
8.2.3 Marginal Marine
141
8.2.4 Shelf Sediments
143
8.3 The Great Australian Bight
145
8.3.1 General Attributes
145
8.3.2 Oceanography
145
8.3.3 Neritic Sediments
149
8.4 Baxter Sector (Western Great Australian Bight)
151
8.4.1 General Attributes
151
8.4.2 Local Oceanography
151
8.4.3 Marginal Marine
151
8.4.4 Neritic Sediments
151
8.5 Eyre Sector (Central Great Australian Bight)
154
8.5.1 General Attributes
154
8.5.2 Oceanography
154
8.5.3 Marginal Marine
154
8.5.4 Shelf Sediments
154
8.6 Ceduna Sector (Eastern Great Australian Bight)
155
8.6.1 General Attributes
155
8.6.2 Oceanography
155
8.6.3 Marginal Marine
156
8.6.4 Shelf Sediments
156
8.7 Synopsis
158
The South Australian Sea
160
9.1 Introduction
160
9.2 Spencer Gulf
160
9.2.1 General Attributes
160
9.2.2 Local Oceanography
165
9.2.3 Shallow Neritic Facies
165
9.3 Gulf St. Vincent
167
9.3.1 General Attributes
167
9.3.2 Local Oceanography
167
9.3.3 Shallow Neritic Sedimentary Facies
167
9.4 Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage
170
9.4.1 General Attributes
170
9.4.2 Local Oceanography
170
9.4.3 Shallow Neritic Sedimentary Facies
170
9.5 Lincoln Shelf
171
9.5.1 General Attributes
171
9.5.2 Oceanography
171
9.5.3 Marginal Marine
173
9.5.4 Neritic Sediments
173
9.6 The Lacepede Shelf
173
9.6.1 General Attributes
173
9.6.2 Local Oceanography
175
9.6.3 Marginal Marine
177
9.6.4 Shelf Sediments
177
9.7 Synopsis
180
The Southeastern Continental Margin
182
10.1 Introduction
182
10.2 Otway Shelf
183
10.2.1 General Attributes
183
10.2.2 Local Oceanography
183
10.2.3 Marginal Marine
184
10.2.4 Shelf Sediments
185
10.2.5 Zone of Mixed Facies
190
10.3 Tasmania
190
10.3.1 Introduction
190
10.4 The Bass Basin
191
10.4.1 General Attributes
191
10.4.2 Local Oceanography
191
10.4.3 Neritic Sediments
191
10.5 West Tasmania Shelf
192
10.5.1 General Attributes
192
10.5.2 Local Oceanography
192
10.5.3 Marginal Marine
194
10.5.4 Marine Depositional Systems
194
10.6 Eastern Tasmania
196
10.6.1 Oceanography
196
10.6.2 Sedimentology
196
10.7 Synopsis
196
Diagenesis
198
11.1 Introduction
198
11.2 Marginal Marine Environments
198
11.3 Neritic Environments
198
11.3.1 Biological Alteration
198
11.3.2 Chemical Diagenesis
199
11.3.3 Synsedimentary Cementation
200
11.3.3.1 Grain Aggregates
200
11.3.3.2 Relict Particles
200
11.3.3.3 Hardgrounds
200
11.3.3.4 Micrite Envelopes
200
11.3.4 Fe-oxide Coating and Impregnation
201
11.3.5 Synsedimentary Dissolution
202
11.4 Synopsis
204
Summary & Synthesis
206
12.1 Introduction
206
12.2 Environmental Controls
206
12.2.1 Geography
206
12.2.2 Sea Level History
206
12.2.3 Geology and Tectonic History
207
12.2.4 Climate
207
12.2.5 Oceanography
209
12.2.6 Trophic Resources
210
12.3 Zones
212
12.4 Sedimentology
212
12.4.1 Epibenthic Sediment Production
212
12.4.1.1 Bryozoans
212
12.4.1.2 Marine Plants
213
12.4.1.3 Substrate
213
12.4.2 Physical Disturbance
214
12.4.3 Authigenesis and Diagenesis
214
12.4.3.1 Authigenesis
214
12.4.3.2 Diagenesis
214
12.4.4 Sedimentary Facies
215
12.4.4.1 Shallow Neritic Facies
215
12.4.4.2 Peritidal Facies
217
12.4.4.3 Middle Neritic Facies
218
12.4.4.4 Deep Neritic and Upper Slope Facies
218
12.5 Accumulation Dynamics
221
12.5.1 Tectonics and Accommodation
221
12.5.2 Holocene Stratigraphy
221
12.5.2.1 Shallow Neritic
221
12.5.2.2 Middle Neritic
223
12.5.2.3 Deep Neritic
223
12.5.2.4 Summary
223
12.6 Forward Modelling
223
12.6.1 Hydrodynamic Energy
224
12.6.2 Trophic Resources
224
12.6.3 Accommodation
225
12.7 Global Comparison
225
12.7.1 Southern Hemisphere
226
12.7.1.1 Australia
226
12.7.1.2 New Zealand
226
12.7.1.3 South America
226
12.7.2 Northern Hemisphere
226
12.7.2.1 North Atlantic & North Pacific
226
12.7.2.2 Mediterranean
227
12.7.2.3 Gulf of California
227
12.8 Conclusion
227
Appendices
230
Appendix A Seafloor Sample Sites–Albany Sector
230
Appendix B Seafloor Sample Sites- Great Australian Bight Sector
231
Appendix C Seafloor Sediment Sample Sites–South Australian Sea Sector
235
References
246
Index
257
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