Logic in Reality

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. REALITY AND LOGIC

2. THE OBJECTIVE AND PLAN OF “LOGIC IN REALITY”

1 LOGIC IN REALITY (LIR) AS A FORMAL LOGIC

1.1 INITIAL AXIOMATIZATION: THE FUNDAMENTAL POSTULATE

1.2 THE REAL AND REALITY

1.3 LIR VERSUS STANDARD LOGICS: DEDUCTION

1.4 NON-CLASSICAL LOGICS

1.5 INDUCTIVE LOGIC AND ABDUCTIVE LOGIC: PROBABILITY

1.6 QUANTUM LOGIC

1.7 THE FORMAL AXIOMATIZATION OF LIR

2 LIR AS A FORMAL SYSTEM

2.1 THE NON-CLASSICAL CALCULUS OF LIR: IMPLICATION

2.2 TRUTH VALUES, CONTRADICTION AND REALITY VALUES

2.3 IMPLICATION BETWEEN THE LIMITS

2.4 CONJUNCTION AND DISJUNCTION

3 LIR AS A FORMAL ONTOLOGY

3.1 REALISM AND FORMAL ONTOLOGIES

3.2 THE LIR ONTOLOGICAL PREDICATES: DUALITY

3.3 THE DOMAIN OF ENTITIES: LEVELS OF REALITY

3.4 LIR AS AN INTERPRETED FORMAL SYSTEM

3.5 THREE CRITICAL CONCEPTS

3.6 SOME METALOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

3.7 THE LOGIC OF BEING

4 THE CATEGORIES OF LIR

4.1 THE DEFINITION AND FUNCTION OF ONTOLOGY

4.2 THE ESTABLISHMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF CATEGORIES

4.3 THE PHYSICS OF REALITY: THE FUNDAMENTAL DUALITIES

4.4 THE CATEGORY OF ENERGY

4.5 THE CATEGORY AND SUB-CATEGORIES OF DYNAMIC OPPOSITION

4.6 THE CATEGORY OF PROCESS: CHANGE

4.7 THE CATEGORY OF T-STATES

4.8 THE CATEGORIES OF SUBJECT, OBJECT AND SUBJECT- OBJECT

4.9 LIR AS A FORMAL ONTOLOGY: NEO AND THE CATEGORY- AXIOM FIT

4.10 THE INTERPRETATION OF LIR

5 THE CORE THESIS OF LIR: STRUCTURE AND EXPLANATION

5.1 THE CORE THESIS OF LIR

5.2 A TWO-LEVEL FRAMEWORK OF RELATIONAL ANALYSIS

5.3 ONTOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS IN PARALLEL

5.4 THE STRUCTURE OF REALITY IN LIR

5.5 WHAT IS AN EXPLANATION?

5.6 THE ANALYTIC/SYNTHETIC DISTINCTION IN LIR

6 LIR, METAPHYSICS AND PHILOSOPHY

6.1 INTRODUCTION: CAUSE AND DETERMINISM

6.2 CAUSALITY IN LIR

6.3 CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY

6.4 STATISM AND DYNAMISM

6.5 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM

6.6 REALISM AND EXPERIENCE

6.7 THE PRINCIPLE OF DYNAMIC OPPOSITION AND LAWS OF NATURE

6.8 FRIEDRICH HEGEL: IDEALISM AND/ OR CONTRADICTION?

6.9 THE LIR APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHY

7 LIR AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE: TIME, SPACE AND COSMOLOGY

7.1 TIME AND SPACE: PRELIMINARY REMARKS

7.2 THE LIR THEORY OF SPACE-TIME

7.3 SOME ALTERNATIVE VIEWS OF TIME

7.4 BEING AND BECOMING IN MODERN PHYSICS

7.5 QUANTUM MECHANICS

7.6 TOWARD A LOGICAL COSMOLOGY

8 EMERGENCE, LIVING SYSTEMS AND CLOSURE

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 THE LIR APPROACH TO EMERGENCE

8.3 EMERGENCE IN PERSPECTIVE

8.4 EXPLAINING EMERGENCE

8.5 CLOSURE IN LIVING SYSTEMS

8.6 DOWNWARD CAUSATION

8.7 EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

8.8 THE THERMODYNAMIC AND CYBERNETIC STANDPOINTS

CONCLUSION: NEW DIRECTIONS AND A NEW SKEPTICISM

1. NEW DIRECTIONS

2. A NEW SKEPTICISM

APPENDIX 1 CLASSES AND SETS: THE AXIOM OF CHOICE

1. THE LOGIC OF FROZEN DIALECTICS

2. THE AXIOM OF CHOICE

APPENDIX 2 THE SYSTEMS VIEWPOINT

1. THE ONTOLOGICAL BASIS OF SYSTEMS IN REALITY REALITY

2. CYBERNETICS AND SYSTEMS THEORY

INDEX