Characterisation in Federations: Six Countries Compared

Preface

Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Australia

a. Doctrine

b. Criticism: ignoring purpose in characterisation

c. Criticism: ignoring context in scope doctrine

d. The exception that disproves the rule

3. Canada

a. Federalism as a core value

b. Text and doctrine

c. The residue

d. Characterisation (in the narrow sense)

e. The double aspect doctrine

4. The United States of America

a. Introduction

b. Categories of commerce

c. The reasoning in Lopez

d. Unresolved issues

5. Germany

a. Introduction

b. Text

c. Scope

d. Characterisation (in the narrow sense)

6. Austria

a. Introduction

b. The petrification theory: basic principles

c. Intra-systemic development

d. The petrification theory and originalism

e. Illustrations from the case law

f. Characterisation (in the narrow sense)

7. India

a. Introduction

b. Scope

c. "Pith and substance" again

d. Incidental power

e. Pakistan

8. Works in progress: South Africa, Malaysia and Scotland

a. South Africa

b. Malaysia

c. Scotland

9. Concluding remarks

Appendix - Basic Constitutional Provisions

a. Australia

b. Canada

c. United States of America

d. Germany

e. Austria

References

Table of cases

Index