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Experimental Approaches to Diabetic Retinopathy
von: H.-P. Hammes, M. Porta
Karger, 2009
ISBN: 9783805592765 , 242 Seiten
Format: PDF, ePUB, OL
Kopierschutz: DRM
Preis: 251,09 EUR
Cover
1
Contents
6
Preface
8
Clinical Presentations and Pathological Correlates of Retinopathy
10
Abstract
10
Morphological Lesions
11
Pattern of Distribution of Retinopathy Lesions
23
Visual Impairment in Diabetic Retinopathy
25
Conclusions
25
References
26
Retinal Vascular Permeability in Health and Disease
29
Abstract
29
Physiology of the Retinal Vascular Network
30
Physiology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier
30
Molecular Biology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier
31
Pathophysiology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown
33
Macular Edema
35
Assays for Studying the Permeability of the Blood-Retinal Barrier
35
Retinal Diseases Where the Blood-Retinal Barrier Is Impaired
37
Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown and Drug Delivery
41
Medical and Surgical Treatments for Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown
41
Conclusions
44
References
44
In vivo Models of Diabetic Retinopathy
51
Abstract
51
Early Stage of Diabetic Retinopathy, Histopathology
52
Animal Models of Diabetic Retinopathy
54
Neovascularization
63
Conclusions
63
References
64
Pericyte Loss in the Diabetic Retina
70
Abstract
70
Pericyte
70
Retinal Pericyte Function
76
Pericyte Loss in Diabetic Retinopathy
77
Mechanisms of Pericyte Loss
79
Conclusions
83
References
83
Neuroglia in the Diabetic Retina
88
Abstract
88
Microglial Cells
91
Astrocytes
91
Müller Cells
92
Conclusions
100
Acknowledgements
101
References
101
Regulatory and Pathogenic Roles of Müller Glial Cells in Retinal Neovascular Processes and Their Potential for Retinal Regeneration
107
Abstract
107
Role of Müller Glia in Inflammation and Angiogenesis
108
Control of Extracellular Matrix Deposition by Müller Cells
109
Neuroprotective Role of Müller Glia
110
Müller Glial Cells as a Source of Retinal Neurons in the Adult Eye
111
Potential Barriers for Stem Cell Transplantation to Regenerate Retinal Neurons in the Diabetic Retina
114
Potential of Müller Stem Cells for the Development of Human Therapies to Restore Retinal Function Damaged by Disease
114
References
115
Growth Factors in the Diabetic Eye
118
Abstract
118
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
120
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1
125
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
127
Fibroblast Growth Factor
128
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
128
Angiopoietins
129
Connective Tissue Factor
129
Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1
130
Concluding Remarks and Future ClinicalApplications
130
References
131
Balance between Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Diabetic Retinopathy
133
Abstract
133
VEGF and PEDF in the Eye
134
PEDF/VEGF in the Diabetic Retinopathy
135
VEGF/PEDF in Experimental Studies of Diabetic Retinopathy
138
Plasma PEDF Levels – Diabetes and Nephropathy
142
Anti-VEGF Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy
146
References
147
The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Eye
151
Abstract
151
History of the Renin-Angiotensin System
151
The Circulating Renin-Angiotensin System
152
Tissue Renin-Angiotensin Systems
153
The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Eye
153
The Ocular Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetes
154
Molecular Mechanisms of Tissue Damage in Diabetes
157
The Retinal Renin-Angiotensin System and Diabetic Tissue Damage
158
Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetic Retinopathy
159
Conclusions
162
References
162
Interactions of Leukocytes with the Endothelium
167
Abstract
167
Multistep Process of Leukocyte Recruitment
167
Regulation of Leukocyte Integrin-Mediated Adhesion
169
Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration
171
Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in the Diabetic Retina
172
References
176
Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Retina
183
Abstract
183
Niches
183
Characteristics of a Stem Cell
184
Types of Stem and Precursor Cells
186
Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Participate in Normal Maintenance and Repair of the Endothelium
187
Methods for Studying Stem/Progenitor Cell Behavior
188
Factors Regulating Stem and Progenitor Cell Involvement in Angiogenesis
188
CD34+ and CD14+ Cells in Diabetes
191
Conclusion
195
References
196
Role of Pericytes in Vascular Biology
203
Abstract
203
Pericytes Are Cells with a Unique Position in the Microvascular Wall
203
Identification of Pericytes
204
Functions of Pericytes
205
Acknowledgements
209
References
210
Current Approaches to Retinopathy as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk
212
Abstract
212
Diabetic Retinopathy and Mortality
212
Diabetic Retinopathy and Cerebrovascular Disease
213
Diabetic Retinopathy and Heart Disease
215
Retinal Venules and Cardiovascular Disease
216
Pathogenic Links between Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease
217
Genetic Links between Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease
218
Implications
220
Conclusion
222
References
223
From Bedside to Bench and Back: Open Problems in Clinical and Basic Research
229
Abstract
229
References
235
Author Index
237
Subject Index
238
Back cover
242
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