Suchen und Finden
Foreword
5
Preface
10
Contents
12
Contributors
16
Top-Author Biographies
21
Introduction: The Scenary of Three Gorges, from Downstream to Upstream
28
Part I Regional Properties of Landslides
41
1 Geo-hazard Initiation and Assessment in the Three Gorges Reservoir
42
Introduction
42
Regional Assessments of Geo-hazards
42
Problems and Concepts
43
Basic Problems
43
Basic Concepts
43
Evaluation Method for Geological Hazards Regional Analysis
43
''Distribution Degree'' of Geological Hazards
44
''Potentiality Degree'' of Geological Hazards
45
''Dangerous Degree'' of Geological Hazards
45
''Harmful Degree'' of Geological Hazards
46
The Division Methods of Geological Hazard Evaluation
47
Evaluation of Geological Disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
47
Overall Features of Geological Disasters
48
Calculation and Analysis of Assessment
48
Disaster Prevention Measures
52
Initiation Mechanism of Complex Slope in the Three Gorges
52
Facts and Viewpoints
53
Basic Facts
53
Scientific Knowledge
53
Regional Geological Evidence
54
Regional Geological Structure
54
Neo-tectonic Stress Field in the Three Gorges Region Inversed Analysized by River System
54
River System Fractal Character
55
Supergene Dynamic Phenomenon
56
Ancient Chuanjiang River Connected with Ancient Xiajiang River Forming a Unified Yangtze River and Slope Evolution
58
The Ancient Chuanjiang River and the Xiajiang River Linking up Was a Great Natural Event
59
Geological Dynamic Background
60
The Complex Slope Failure Initiation and Assessment in Badong County
61
Statement of Problem
61
Geological Characteristic of Badong Big Slope
62
Morphologic Features
62
Stratum Combination
63
The Vestige of Geological Structure
64
The Question About the ''Badong Fracture''
64
Joint and ''Fracture'' of Slope Area
66
Geomechanics Model of Superficial Deformation and Damage
67
Badong Complex Slope System and Its Failure Initiation
69
Badong Complex Slope System
69
Initiation Theory of Gravity
71
Numerical Simulation Analysis with FLAC 3D
72
Regional Geo-environment Quality Assessment of the Badong Slope
73
Basic Idea
73
Geo-environment Evaluation of Badong Slope
74
Conclusions
76
References
77
2 Bank Slope Stability Evaluation for the Purpose of Three Gorges Reservoir Dam Construction 0
80
Types of Reservoir Bank Slopes and Assessment of the Stability Conditions
82
Types and Characteristics of the Reservoir Bank Slopes
82
Assessment on Stable Conditions of the Reservoir Bank Slopes
83
Rock Falls, Landslides, and Dangerous Rocks
85
Distribution Features of the Landslides
86
Geographical Distribution
86
Elevation of the Landslides Distribution
90
Relationship with the Lithology and Stratigraphy
90
Relationship with Geological Structure
91
Relationship with the Structure of the River Bank Slope
92
Structural Characteristics of the Landslides
93
Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Sliding Zone
93
Material Composition of the Sliding Zone
93
Physical and Mechanical Properties
95
Microstructure Feathers of the Sliding Zone
99
Hydro-geological Characteristics of the Landslides
99
Water-Bearing Capacity and Permeability of the Landslides
99
Recharge and Discharge Conditions of Ground Water in the Landslides
100
Ground Water Fluctuation and Its Affecting Factors
101
Formation Age of the Landslides
102
Determination of the Absolute Age for the Soil in the Sliding Zone
103
Referring to the Terraces of Yangtze River Valley
103
Stability Assessment of the Sliding Masses
103
Micro-geologic Judgment
104
Calculation by Limit Equilibrium Methods
104
Failure Probability Analysis
105
Sensitivity Analysis
105
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
107
Effect on the Rock Falls and Landslide by the Reservoir Impounding
107
Effect of the Normal Water Level
112
Effect of the Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation
112
Hazard Assessment for Failure of the Reservoir Bank Slopes
113
Analysis of the Main Factors Inducing Hazards
113
Estimation of the Size Sliding into River
113
Estimation of the Surge
114
Analysis and Assessment for Potential Harm
116
Influence on Storage Capacity and Lifespan of the Reservoir
116
Influence on Construction and Operation of the Key Structures
116
Influence on Navigation
117
Effects to Towns and Immigrant Settlement in the Reservoir Area
118
Monitoring, Prediction, and Mitigation for the Main Landslides
121
Deformation Monitoring and Prediction for the Main Landslides
121
Ground Deformation Monitoring
121
Deep Deformation Monitoring
122
Prediction
123
Treatment of the Landslides
124
Water Drainage
124
Unloading
125
Anchoring and Retaining
125
3 Research on the Characteristics and Slope Deformation Regularity of the Badong Formation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
126
Introduction
126
Development Characteristics and Space Variation of the Strata of the Badong Formation in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area
127
The Lithology and Space Variation of Lithology Combinations of the Strata of the Badong Formation
127
Space Variation of Stratum Thickness of Badong Formation
128
Characteristics of Structural Deformation of Badong Formation
129
Cleavage
129
Joint
131
Geological and Construction Property of the Rock Mass Structure in the Badong Formation
132
Property of Rock Mass Structure
132
Physical--Mechanical Property of the Soft Layer
133
Engineering Properties of the Rock Mass
135
Physical--Mechanical Property of the Rock Mass
135
Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane
135
Estimation of Mechanical Parameters of Rock Masses
136
Recommended Parametric Values for Mechanical Calculation of Rock Mass
137
Typical Landslide of the Badong Formation Deformation Mode of the Huangtupo Landslide
137
Geological Background
138
Long-Term Deformation of the Slope
139
Landslide
144
Subsequent Reform of Landslide
149
Landslide Evolution Pattern
150
Conclusions
151
References
152
4 Distribution of Dangerous Rockmasses on the High Steep Slopes in the Three Gorges Area
153
Introduction
153
Geological Background for High Steep Bank Slopes and Dangerous Rockmasses in the Three Gorges River Valley
154
Basic Features of Rock and Soil
154
Basic Features of the Weak Structural Plane of Rock and Soil
155
Features of Rockmass Structural Plane
156
Distribution Features of Dangerous Rockmasses in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
156
Profiles of Dangerous Rockmasses
157
Description of the Key Dangerous Rockmass
158
Fengxiangxia Dangerous Rockmass in Qutang Gorge
159
Hengshixi Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge
159
Tongxincun Dangerous Rockmass in Wangxia Village, Wu Gorges
161
Liaojiaping Dangerous Rockmass in Wangxia Village, Wu Gorge
163
Jianchuandong Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge
165
Jiandaofeng Rockfall in Wu Gorge
170
Huangyanwo Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge
171
Shangpingtuo Landslide and Houzibao Dangerous Rockmass in the Front of Wu Gorge
172
Suozishan Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge
175
Baituo Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge
176
The Wentianjian Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge
179
The Jiuwanxi Dangerous Rockmass at the Entrance of Jiuwanxi Brook, Xiling Gorge
182
Conclusions
182
References
184
5 An Evaluation Study of Bank Collapse Prediction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
185
Introduction
185
Bank Collapse Types in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
187
Wash and Abrasion
188
Toe-Erosion Collapse
189
Rock Break-Off and Slides
191
Landslide
192
The Prediction Parameter in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
193
Eigenvalue of the Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter
193
Sampling Investigation of Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter
193
Statistics of the Eigenvalue of Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
195
Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Alluvial--Proluvial Bank Slope
195
Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Residual Soil Slope and Landslide Accumulation Slope
195
Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Wushan Loess-Like Soil and the Intensely Whole Weathered Granite Belt
195
Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of Redbed Slope
197
Evaluation of Bank Collapse Predictions in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
197
Classified Illustration in Terms of BSSPM
198
Illustration of Wash--Abrasion and Toe-Erosion Collapse
198
Bank Collapse Prediction of Landslide
206
Attention Points on the Application of BSSPM
206
Application of BSSPM
207
Application of BSSPM in the Analogical Prediction of Reservoir Bank Collapse
207
The Application of BSSPM to the Bank Collapse Prediction in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
207
Conclusions
209
References
210
6 Distribution Features of Landslides in Three Gorges Area and the Contribution of Basic Factors
211
Distribution Features of Landslides
211
Landslides and Lithology
211
Landslides and Environment
211
Landslides and Landforms
212
Characteristics of Landslide Hazards
213
Root Factors of Landslides
215
Inversion of Root Factors
216
Determining the Root Factors of Landslides
216
Statistics of Environmental Root Factors
217
The Contribution Rates of Root Factors to Landslides
217
Contribution Index
218
Contribution Rate
219
The Contribution Rates of Strata
220
The Contribution of the Stratas Areas
220
The Contribution to the Number of Landslides
221
The Contribution to the Scales of Landslides
221
Calculating the Contribution Rates
222
Giving Values
222
Superimposing Counting
224
Analysis of Contribution Rates
224
The Contributions of Height Differences
225
The Contribution Rate of Slope Shape
225
The Contribution Rate of Slope Grade
226
The Contribution Rate of Aspect
226
Comprehensive Evaluations and Weights of the Root Factors Contribution Rates
227
Evaluations of Contribution Rates
227
The Switch of Contribution Rate and Weight
227
References
230
7 Discussion on Land Use Based on Landslide Management in Three Gorges Reservoir Areas
231
Introduction
231
The Effect of the Landslide Disasters on the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas
232
The Historical Landslide Management Situations
232
The Present Growth of the Geographic Disaster Areas in Zigui County
234
The Forced Conversion of Land-Use Types
234
Research on the Development and Utilization of the Land Destroyed in the Landslide Disasters
236
Engineering Technical Methods for the Land Treatment
236
Example of Analysis: Treatment, Development, and Utilization of Land in Xintan Which Was Destroyed in the Landslide
237
Research on the Mode
241
Conclusions
244
References
244
Part II Case Studies for Typical Landslides
245
8 Mechanism for the Rapid Motion of the Reactivated Qianjiangping Landslide in Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China
246
Introduction
246
Features of the Landslide
248
Scratches on the Failure Surface
252
Possible Triggering Factors and Sliding Mechanism
253
Experimental Study on the Rapid Sliding Mechanism of the Reactivated Landslide
255
Sampling the Sliding Planes
256
Soil Properties
257
Ring Shear Tests to Simulate the Sliding Process
259
Shear Torque Test to Simulate the Sliding Process
260
Shear Velocity-Controlling Test to Simulate the Sliding Process
262
Discussion and Conclusions
265
References
266
9 Evaluation of the Roles of Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall for the Qianjiangping Landslide in Zigui County,Three Gorges Area
268
Introduction
268
Site Description
269
Analysis Methods
271
Results and Discussion
274
Sensitivity of the FS to the Parameters Within the Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall
276
Quantitative Roles of the Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall in Occurrence of the Landslide
277
Conclusions
278
References
279
10 Unsaturated Creep Test and Modeling of Soils from the Sliding Zone of the Qianjiangping Landslide in the Three Gorges Area, China
280
Introduction
280
Unsaturated Soil Creep Apparatus
281
Design Concept
281
The Structure of the Unsaturated Soil Creep Apparatus
282
Testing Method
283
Some Important Items That Need Attention
284
Unsaturated Creep Test of Slip Soils in the Qianjiangping Landslide
285
Test Soil Samples
285
Unsaturated Soil Shear Creep Loading Test
285
Test Procedure
286
Creep Test Result
286
Unsaturated Creep Modeling of Slip Soils in the Qianjiangping Landslide
287
Modeling Concept
287
Creep Strain--Time Relation
288
Creep Strain--Stress Relation
289
Creep Strain--Time--Stress Relation
290
Determination of the Model Parameters
291
Model Verification
291
Conclusions
292
References
293
11 Monitoring on Shuping Landslide in the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China
294
Introduction
294
Description of the Shuping Landslide
296
Landslide Geometry
300
Extensometers Monitoring Results
300
Part 1: August 2004--July 2006
300
Part 2: August 2006--July 2007
302
Part 3: August 2007--May 2007
304
Longitudinal Deformation Model
304
Conclusions
306
References
310
12 The Anlesi Landslide in Wanzhou, China: Characteristics and Mechanism of a Gentle Dip Landslide
311
Introduction
312
Geological Backgrounds
313
Characteristics of Anlesi Landslide
314
Macroscopic Geological Features of Slip Zones
316
The Mineral Components of the Slip Zones of the Anlesi Landslide
318
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
318
Infrared Ray Analysis
319
The Microcosmic Structure Features of Slip Zone
319
Features of Striations
319
Features of Mineral Directional Crystal Structure
320
Physical Properties of Slip Zones
321
Grain Size
321
Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Water Content
322
Liquid and Plastic Limit
322
Swelling Potential
322
Shear Strengths
324
Factors Contributing to the Gentle Dip Landslides
325
Incompetent Beds
325
Distribution of Incompetent Beds
326
Fabric and Structure of Incompetent Beds
326
Shear Strength of Incompetent Beds
327
Contributions of Incompetent Beds to Landslide Formation
328
Latest Tectonic Activities
329
Intensive Rainfall
329
Creep Properties of the Slip Zones of the Anlesi Landslide
330
Test Facilities
330
Test Procedure
330
Test Results
331
Burgers Rheological Model of Slip Zone Soils
333
The Burgers Model Parameters
333
The Nonlinear Burgers Model
333
Numerical Simulation of the Anlesi Landslide
336
Geological Model
337
Meshes for Numerical Modeling
337
Numerical Simulation Considering the Elastic--Plastic Properties of Rock and Soil
338
Numerical Simulation Considering the Rheological Properties of Rock and Soil
338
Conclusions
343
References
347
13 Preliminary Study on Mud-Rock Flows Channel of the Bailuxi River, Wuxi County, China
349
Introduction
349
Physical Geography, Geology and Geomorphology Background
350
Physical Geography
350
Geomorphology
351
Lithology
352
Tectonics
353
Vegetation, Cultivation and Human Activity
354
Distribution and Growth Features of Mud-Rock Flow
354
Analysis of the Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow
356
The Mud-Rock Flow of the Yangjiawan Branch Channel
356
Formation Area of Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow
357
The Movement and Accumulation Region of the Yangjiawan River Channel Mud-Rock Flow
358
Evaluation of the Probability of a Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow
360
Analysis on the Possibility for the Bailuxi Main Channel to Burst into a Mud-Rock Flow
361
Hazard Analysis of the Bailuxi River Mud-Rock Flow and the Resulting Countermeasures
365
Reference
366
14 Stability Assessment and Stabilizing Approaches for the Majiagou Landslide, Undergoing the Effects of Water Level Fluctuation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
367
Introduction
368
Engineering Geologic Characteristics of the Majiagou Landslide
369
The Geologic Background of the Landslide
369
The Geomorphic Form of the Landslide
371
The Material Components of the Landslide
372
The Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Landslide
372
Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Soil of the Landslide
373
Density of the Slide Mass
373
Shear Strength of the Slide Zone
374
Permeability of the Soils of the Landslide
375
Effect on the Ground Water by the Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation
375
Stability Assessment of the Landslide Undergoing the Reservoir Water Level Change
379
Stabilizing Work and the Efficiency
385
Conclusions
387
References
387
15 Mass Rock Creep and Landsliding on the Huangtupo Slope in the Reservoir Area of the Three Gorges Project, Yangtze River, China
389
Introduction
390
Geological Setting
391
Mass Rock Creep
391
Brief Introduction of Mass Rock Creep
392
Mass Rock Creep at Huangtupo
393
Toppling
393
Deep-Seated Creep
396
Landslide at Huangtupo
397
Landform
398
Surface Geological Texture
398
Sliding Zone
400
Electrical Resistivity Constraints for Landslide Geometry
401
Shallow Process on the Surface of the Preexisting Huangtupo Landslide
403
Summary and Discussion
405
Conclusion
408
References
409
16 Study on the Possible Failure Mode and Mechanism of the Xietan Landslide When Exposed to Water Level Fluctuation
411
Introduction
411
Introduction to the Xietan Landslide
411
Fluctuation of Reservoir Water Level
412
Physical Model Test
413
Apparatus for the Model Test
413
Section Plane Selection for the Model Test
415
Preparation of Similarity Materials for the Model Test
416
Formulation of Similarity Material of the Model Test
416
Simulation of Fluctuation of Reservoir Water Level
417
Model Test Phenomenon and Its Analysis
418
Failure Mode and Mechanism of the Landslide
418
Exploration of the Failure Modes of Other Landslides Similar to the Landslide
421
References
421
17 A Study of the 1985 Xintan Landslide in Xiling Gorge, Three Gorges Area, China
422
Introduction
422
Natural Settings and the Geological Structure of the Xintan Slope
423
Features and Mechanism of the Landslide
427
Developing Process of the Landslide
427
Upslope-Stepwise Progressive Deformation Stage (Before the Rainy Season of 1983)
427
Integral Pushing-Type Slide Stage (May 1983--Major Landsliding in 1985)
428
The Course of the Landslide
429
Scope and Magnitude of the Landslide
431
Mechanism and Causes of the Landslide
432
Mechanical Analysis of Jiangjiapo Landslide
437
Study of the Parameters of the Sliding Movements
440
Slide Seismogram Studies
441
Monitoring and Prediction of Landslide Activities
442
Slope Deformation Monitoring
442
Prediction of the Landslide Occurrence
443
Conclusions
444
References
444
18 Time Prediction of the Xintan Landslide in Xiling Gorge, the Yangtze River
445
Introduction
445
The Sliding Process
447
Characteristics of Landslide Movement
448
Deformation Features of the Landslide
450
The Features of Sliding Debris
451
Essential Features of the Landslide
451
Topography
451
Materials and Structure
452
Bedrock Structures
452
Hydro-geological Conditions
453
Boundary Conditions
453
Formation Mechanism of the Landslide
453
Mechanism of Destabilization
454
Falling Loading
455
The Effect of Precipitation
455
Landslide Monitoring and Prediction
457
Features of Deformation Monitoring
457
Progressing Development Features of the Landslide
460
Landslide Prediction
462
Deformation Features of Sliding Remains
462
Aspects of Successful Prediction for Failure of the Xintan Landslide
464
Conclusions
464
References
465
19 Back-Analysis of Water Waves Generated by the Xintan Landslide
466
Introduction
466
Engineering Geology of the Xintan Landslide
467
Topography and Geomorphology of Xintan Landslide
467
Rock and Soil of the Xintan Landslide
468
Calculations of Landslide Velocity and Water Wave
470
Calculation of Landslide Velocity
470
Calculation of the Initial Water Wave Characteristics Generated by the Landslide
472
Calculation of the Propagation of Water Wave
474
Calculation of the Run-up of the Wave
475
Back-Analysis of Water Waves Generated by the Xintan Landslide
475
The Shear Strength Parameters of the Sliding Zone of the Xintan Landslide
475
Back-Analysis of the Internal Friction Angle of the Sliding Zone in a State of Movement
475
Conclusions
476
References
477
Part III New Methodologies Applied in this Area
479
20 Intelligent Optimization of Reinforcement Design Using Evolutionary Artificial Neural Network for the Muzishu Landslide Based on GIS
480
Introduction
481
Integration Method for Optimization of Landslide Reinforcement Design
482
Evolutionary Artificial Neural Network
482
Construction of Nonlinear Relationship Between Reinforcement Parameters, Factor of Safety and Engineering Cost
483
Search of Optimal Reinforcement Parameters Using Genetic Algorithm in Global Space
483
Three-Dimensional Visualization and Subsidiary Analysis for Strata Information and Reinforcement Design Based on GIS Technique
485
Intelligent Optimization of Reinforcement Design for the Muzishu Landslide
485
Brief Description of the Muzishu Landslide
485
Reinforcement Design and Optimization Procedure
486
Three-Dimensional Visualization and Subsidiary Analysis for Reinforcement Design
491
Discussion and Conclusions
492
References
494
21 The Application of Fractal Dimensions of Landslide Boundary Trace for Evaluation of Slope Instability
495
Introduction
495
Features of Landslides in the Study Area
497
Methodology
498
Results and Discussion
499
Fractal Dimensions of Landslides
499
Relationship Between Fractal Dimensions and Slope Instability
499
Qualitative Analysis of the Relationship Between Landslide Boundary Traces and Slope Instability
499
Quantitative Description for Slope Instability Using Fractal Dimensions of Landslide Boundary Traces
501
Conclusions and Remarks
502
References
503
22 Uncertainty Evaluation of the Stability of the Huanglashi Landslide in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River
505
Introduction
505
Characters and Geological Environment of the Huanglashi Landslide
506
General Characters of the Landslide
506
Character of the Hengping Landslide
506
Character of the Dashiban Landslide
508
Character of the Taizijiao Landslide
508
Geological and Environmental Characters
508
Deformation and Failure Mechanism of the Landslide
509
The Hengping Landslide
510
The Dashiban Landslide
510
Taizijiao Landslide
510
Uncertainty Analysis on the Stability of the Huanglashi Landslide
510
Uncertainty Analysis on the Stability of the Hengping Landslide
511
Determination of Safety Coefficient
511
Uncertainty Analysis of the Hengping Landslide
511
Preliminary Elevation of the Stability of the Hengping Landslide
513
Analysis of the Stability of the Dashiban Landslide
513
Character of Deformation Development
513
The Probable Location of Shear Outlets
514
Analysis on the Stability of the Dashiban Landslide
514
The Effect of the Dashiban Landslide Failure on the Hengping Landslide
514
Analysis on the Stability of the Taizijiao Landslide
514
Conclusions
514
References
515
23 Recognition of Lithology and Its Use in Identification of Landslide-Prone Areas Using Remote Sensing Data
516
Introduction
516
The Study Area
517
Recognition of Lithology Using Remote Sensing Data
519
Preparation of Remote Sensing Data
519
Interpretation of Lithology Units Using Remote Sensing Images
519
Analysis of the Lithostratigraphic Factor in Landslide Hazard Zonation
521
Results and Discussions
523
References
525
24 Construction and Application of a Real-Time Monitoring System for Landslides
526
Introduction
526
Signification and Characteristic of Real-Time Monitoring
527
System Structure
529
Data Collection System
529
Data Transmission System
530
Information Processing and Distribution System
530
Key Technologies and Solutions
531
Acquisition System and the Automatic Convergence of the Transmission System
532
Servo Data Processing and Storage Procedures
533
Data File Names Agreement
533
Application and Evaluation
535
Monitoring Method and Monitoring Instruments
535
Management
538
Demonstrative Station Data Collection System
539
GPRS Remote Wireless Transmission System
539
Demonstrative Station Information Issuance System
540
Bottom Database System
541
Information Issue Homepage
541
Assessment
544
Conclusion
544
References
546
25 Entropy-Based Hazard Degree Assessment for Typical Landslides in the Three Gorges Area, China
547
Introduction
547
Method
549
Index Selection
549
Data Standardization
549
Entropy Calculations
550
Weights of Index
550
Model
550
Application
550
The Study Area
551
Data and Index Selection
552
Model Established
552
Hazard Assessment
554
Discussion
555
Conclusion
555
References
556
26 The Conceptual Model of Groundwater Systems in a Large-Scale Landslide -- A Case Study of the Baota Landslide in the Impoundment Area of Three Gorges Project
558
Introduction
558
The Characteristics and the Conceptual Model of the Groundwater Systems of the Landslide
559
Geological Setting and Hydro-geological Structure
559
The Flow Field and the Regime of the Groundwater Systems
561
The Chemical Characteristics and Temperature Fields of the Groundwater Systems in the Landslide
562
The Environmental Isotopes of the Groundwater
562
Conclusion and Discussion
566
References
566
27 Bank Collapse Along the Three Gorges Reservoir and the Application of Time-Dependent Modeling
568
Introduction
568
Modeling Test Design and Procedure
569
Mono-factor Model Test
570
Multi-factor Model Test
574
Design and Procedure of the Multi-factor Model Test
574
Model Test in Different Types of Bank Collapse
575
Sensitivity Analysis for Effect Factors
575
Time-Dependent Model Test
578
Design Procedure of the Time-Dependent Model Test
578
Test Results and Analysis
579
Analysis of Bank Collapse Development Process
580
General Process of Bank Collapse
580
Evidence of Bank Collapse Termination
583
Conclusion
584
References
584
Appendix A: Stratigraphic Column in the Three Gorges Area(Modified from Yin 2007)
585
Appendix B: Distribution of main landslides in the Three GorgesReservoir
589
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