Emerging Environmental Technologies, Volume II

Emerging Environmental Technologies

Preface

Contents

Contributors

1 Immobilization of Uranium in Groundwater Using Biofilms

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Remediation Technologies

1.2.1 Physical and Chemical Remediation of Uranium

1.2.2 Bioremediation of Uranium

1.2.2.1 Uranium Bioimmobilization Mechanisms

1.2.2.2 Bioremediation Principles: From the Laboratory to the Field

1.2.2.3 Redox, Abiotic and Biotic Reactions

1.3 Biofilms Immobilizing Uranium

1.3.1 Definition of Biofilms

1.3.2 Uranium Immobilization Mechanisms Using Sulfate-Reducing Biofilms

1.3.3 Uranium Immobilization Mechanisms Using DIRB Biofilms

1.3.4 Biofilm Reactors for Studying Uranium Immobilization

1.3.4.1 Flat Plate Reactor

1.3.4.2 Fixed Bed Column Reactor

1.3.5 Uranium Immobilization Using Biofilms Grown on Various Surfaces

1.3.5.1 Biofilms Grown on Redox-Insensitive Surfaces

1.4 Conclusion

References

2 Encapsulation of Potassium Permanganate Oxidant in Biodegradable Polymers to Develop a Novel Form of Controlled-Release Remediation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Controlled Release Chemical Oxidation and Literature Review

2.3 Experimental Discussion

2.3.1 Materials

2.3.2 Stability of KMnO4

2.3.3 Release Studies for Encapsulated KMnO4

2.3.3.1 Replacement Media Study

2.3.3.2 Continuous Release Study

2.3.4 Reaction with Trichloroethylene

2.3.5 Potential Challenges for CRBP KMnO4 Remediation

2.4 Future Considerations and Conclusion

References

3 Decontaminating Heavy Metals from Water Using Photosynthetic Microbes

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Membrane Transport of Heavy Metals

3.3 Uptake and Assimilation of Sulfate

3.4 Metallothioneins

3.4.1 Class II Metallothioneins

3.4.2 Class III Metallothioneins

3.4.3 Labile and Non-labile Phases of Metals

3.4.4 Sequestration and Compartmentalization of Phytochelatins

3.4.5 Cellular Exportation of Phytochelatins

3.5 Toxicity of Heavy Metals

3.6 Genetic Transformation Studies

3.7 Metal Sulfide Biotransformation

3.7.1 Anaerobic Metal-Sulfide Production

3.7.2 Aerobic Metal-Sulfide Biotransformation

3.8 Metal Bioremediation

3.8.1 Packed-Bed Bioreactor

3.8.2 Other Metal Bioremediation Systems

3.8.3 Potential Aerobic Metal-Sulfide Bioremediation

3.9 Future Considerations

References

4 Noise: The Invisible Pollutant that Cannot Be Ignored

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Defining Sound and Noise

4.3 Effects of Noise on Hearing

4.4 Noise and Annoyance

4.5 Effects of Noise on Physical Health and Well-Being

4.6 Effects of Noise on Childrens Language, Cognition and Learning

4.7 Noise and Sleep

4.8 Mental and Social Effects of Noise

4.9 Lessening the Noise: Legislation, Technology, and Education

4.9.1 The Role of Legislation in Noise Mitigation

4.9.2 The Role of Technology in Noise Mitigation

4.9.2.1 Noise Mitigation at the Source

4.9.2.2 Noise Mitigation Along the Path of Transmission

4.9.2.3 Noise Mitigation at the Receiver

4.10 Education

4.11 Concluding Comments

References

5 Energy Production from Food Industry Wastewaters Using Bioelectrochemical Cells

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Materials and Methods

5.2.1 Calculations to Determine Electricity Production Potential

5.2.2 Calculations to Determine Hydrogen Production Potential

5.2.3 MFC Application in a Dairy Industry -- an Experimental Study

5.2.4 Wastewater Collection and Use

5.2.5 Electrical and Analytical Measurements

5.3 Results and Discussion

5.3.1 Electricity Production Potential from Food Industry Wastewaters

5.3.2 Hydrogen Production Potential From Food Industry Wastewaters

5.3.3 Electricity Production from Dairy Wastewater

5.3.4 Complex Organic Matter in Dairy Processing Wastewater

5.3.5 Assessment of MFC/MEC Application for Food Industry Wastewater Treatment

5.3.5.1 Deriving Energy from Complex Organic Matter

5.3.5.2 Potential for Enabling Higher Power Densities and Practical Applications

5.3.5.3 Potential for Water Reuse and Recycle

5.4 Conclusions

References

6 Needle-Type Multi-Analyte MEMS Sensor Arrays for In Situ Measurements in Biofilms

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Industrial Applications of Biofilms

6.1.2 Biofilms in Environmental Systems

6.2 Needle-Type Microelectrode Array (MEA) Sensor

6.2.1 Overview and Rationale

6.2.2 MEA Fabrication

6.2.3 ORP MEA Sensor

6.2.4 DO MEA Sensor

6.3 Phosphate MEA Sensor

6.3.1 DO and ORP Microprofile Measurements in Biofilms

6.3.2 Phosphate Microprofile Measurements in Biofilms

6.4 Conclusions

References

7 Fundamentals and Applications of Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation for Contaminant Removal

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Cell Entrapment

7.2.1 General Principles of Cell Entrapment

7.2.2 Widely Used Cell Entrapment Matrices and Procedures

7.2.2.1 Calcium Alginate

7.2.2.2 Carrageenan

7.2.2.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol

7.2.2.4 Cellulose Triacetate

7.2.3 Advantages and Drawbacks of Entrapped Cells

7.3 Applications of Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation

7.3.1 Wastewater Treatment

7.3.1.1 Calcium Alginate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation

7.3.1.2 Carrageenan Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation

7.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation

7.3.1.4 Cellulose Triacetate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation

7.3.2 Site Remediation

7.3.2.1 Calcium Alginate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation

7.3.2.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation

7.3.2.3 Carragenan and Cellulose Triacetate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation

7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

8 Biofuels for Transport: Prospects and Challenges

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Biofuels: Processes and Technologies

8.2.1 First Generation Biofuels

8.2.1.1 Biofuels Produced by Chemical Conversion

8.2.1.2 Biofuels Produced by Biological Conversion

8.2.2 Second Generation Biofuels

8.2.2.1 Biofuels Prepared by Chemical Conversion

8.2.2.2 Biofuels Produced by Thermo-(Chemical) Conversion

8.2.2.3 Biofuels Produced by Biological Conversion

8.3 Engine Performance of Biofuels

8.3.1 Diesel Engines Performance Using Biodiesel

8.3.1.1 Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Performance Properties

8.3.1.2 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions Using Biodiesel

8.3.2 Spark Ignition Engines Performance Using Bioethanol

8.3.2.1 Effect of Bioethanol on Diesel Engines Performance Properties

8.3.2.2 Effect of Bioethanol on Spark Ignition Engines Performance Properties

8.3.2.3 Engine Exhaust Emissions Using Bioethanol

8.3.3 Effect of Ethers as Biofuels in Spark Ignition Engine Performance Properties

8.4 Future Prospects and Challenges

8.4.1 Future Prospects: 1st Vs 2nd Generation Biofuels

8.4.1.1 Second Generation Biodiesel

8.4.1.2 Second Generation Bioalcohols

8.4.1.3 Biogas

8.4.1.4 Biohydrogen

8.4.1.5 Bio-SNG

8.4.1.6 Synthetic Biofuels

8.5 Conclusions

References

9 Floating Vegetated Mats for Improving Surface Water Quality

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Nitrogen

9.1.2 Phosphorus

9.1.3 Wastewater Lagoons

9.2 Methods of Addressing Water and Wastewater Concerns

9.2.1 Land Application

9.2.2 Constructed Wetlands

9.2.3 Hydroponics

9.3 Floating Vegetated Mats

9.3.1 Concept

9.3.2 Water Improvement Processes

9.3.3 Requirements for Successful Use of Floating Vegetated Mats

9.3.4 Small Scale Study Using Secondary Stage Swine Lagoon Wastewater

9.3.5 Floating Vegetated Mat Study on a Single Anaerobic Wastewater Lagoon at a Commercial Hog Farm

9.3.6 New Research

9.3.7 Research Needs

9.4 Conclusions

References

Index